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Trees, lianas, shrubs, subshrubs, or perennial as well as annual herbs. Indumentum, if present, consisting of simple, unicellular or sometimes uniseriate hairs with a smooth or verrucate surface. Stems mostly terete, occasionally angular or winged; branches sometimes spine-tipped. Leaves usually alternate, sometimes opposite or verticillate, sessile or petiolate, simple, estipulate;nectariferous glands sometimes present at the base of the petiole or on the leaf blade. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, simple or compound racemes, panicles, or rarely flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual or allegedly functionally unisexual (), hypogynous, ± actinomorphic to zygomorphic, subtended by a bract and two prophylls which are often early caducous. Calyx pentamerous, the sepals subequal to strongly unequal (in Polygaleae,the lateral ones are very large and petaloid), free, partly connate, or fused into a tube, caducous or persistent. Corolla pentamerous or trimerous, the petals free from each other, subequal to strongly irregular, the abaxial one often boat-shaped or developed into a carina (keel), which may be trilobed at apex or provided with a crest. Flowers white, yellow, pink, purple or blue, the abaxial petal (carina) often of contrasting colour. Stamens (2-)5-8(-10); filaments free, adnate to corolla lobes and/or fused into a sheath;anthers 2-4-sporangiate. Nectary absent or present, tending to be annular in genera with bilocular fruits and unilateral in those with unilocular fruits. Ovary 2-8-carpellate, syncarpous, usually with as many locules as carpels, occasionally unilocular ( and pseudomonomerous genera), each locule with a single pendulous, epitropous ovule, except with 4-40 ovules in its single locule. Style straight or curved to geniculate, sometimes laterally compressed, distally undivided or bilobed with 1-2 stigmatic areas. Fruits capsules, sometimes dry and indehiscent, and occasionally winged (samaras), drupes or berries. Seeds glabrous or hairy, those of capsules and some berries often crowned by a ± prominent exostome aril (caruncle), or possessing other types of arillar outgrowths.

Perennial shrubs or trees; plants usually completely bisexual but sometimes dioecious or andromonoecious; clusters of short lateral roots (‘proteoid roots’)often produced. Leaves alternate or less commonly opposite or whorled, simple or pinnately to bipinnately or rarely palmately compound, entire or pinnately to tripinnately or rarely dichotomously dissected, often with marginal teeth, estipulate, petiolate or sessile; venation pinnate or occasionally parallel or palmate, or reduced to a single vein; stomates brachyparacytic or rarely laterocytic (in ); trichomes usually 3-celled, occasionally also glandular, rarely plants glabrous. Inflorescence simple or compound, axillary or terminal, with flowers borne laterally either singly or in pairs, rarely also with a terminal flower, racemose or raceme-like or paniculate or condensed. Flowers usually bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, hypogynous; perianth of 4 (3 in and 5 in a minority of flowers of ) valvate, free or variously united tepals; stamens (3)4(5), opposite tepals, usually all fertile or sometimes 1 or more sterile; filaments partly or wholly adnate to tepals or rarely free; anthers basi fixed, usually bilocular and tetrasporangiate but occasionally the lateral anthers unilocular and bisporangiate; 1-4 hypogynous glands usually present, scale-like or fleshy, free or fused into a crescentic or annular nectary; gynoecium of 1 carpel (sometimes 2, free carpels in ); ovary superior, sessile or stipitate, with variously positioned marginal placentae; style usually distinct, often with apex functioning as a pollen presenter; stigma small or sometimes relatively large and plate-like, terminal or subterminal; ovules 1 to many, anatropous to orthotropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate. Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, a follicle, achene, drupe or drupe-like. Seeds 1 to many, sometimes winged; endosperm present or absent at maturity. A family comprising 80 genera and about 1,700 species, distributed mainly in the southern hemisphere, where it is almost completely restricted to Gondwanic continental blocks and fragments (Fig. 130). It is most diverse in Australia, followed by southern Africa, South America, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Malesia, South and East Asia, tropical Africa, Central America, Madagascar, New Zealand, Fiji, southern India, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu and Micronesia.

Shrubs with much-branched stems and dichasial branches; nodes trilacunar. Leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of branchlets, shortly petioled; blades simple, leathery, glandular and glutinousresinous above, finely toothed; stipules minute. Inflorescences few-flowered corymb-like cymes. Flowers regular, perfect, epigynous, 5-merous; calyx tube turbinate, adnate to ovary; sepals triangular, erect, valvate, persistent, surmounting the hypanthium; petals clawed, imbricate, persistent, ultimately reflexed; stamens antesepalous, with broad filaments denticulate at apex, with ovoid, dorsi fixed, introrse anthers; staminodia antepetalous, narrower than stamens; carpels 5, united to form an inferior, 5-celled ovary; ovules 4–6 per locule, axile, ascending; style shortly 5-lobed with short and radiate stigmas. Fruit capsular, 5-valved, septicidal, woody, surmounted by the erect sepals and reflexed petals. Seeds with cartilaginous testa, attenuated at either end; embryo elongate, surrounded by fleshy endosperm.

Evergreen glabrous trees with saponaceous bark; nodes unilacunar. Leaves alternate, simple, penninerved, leathery, serrate, shortly petioled; stipules small, caducous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary few-flowered botryoids, terminal flower hermaphroditic, lateral ones staminate. Flowers 5-merous, rather large, tomentose, pedicels with prophylls; sepals valvate; petals spathulate, white or cream-coloured; disk thick, fleshy, lining the receptacle and produced into 5 lobes adnate with the sepals; stamens 10, the antesepalous 5 inserted near the apex of the disk-lobes some way up the sepals and the antepetalous near the base of the ovary; filaments subulate; anthers bithecate, introrse; carpels 5, cohering by their bases; stylodia terminal, with decurrent stigmas; ovules numerous, 2-seriate, ± horizontal, pleurotropous. Follicles spreading star-like, dehiscing ventrally and dorsally with 2 coriaceous valves. Seeds many, exotestal, with long wing at apex; endosperm thin; cotyledons convolute. 2 = 28. A single genus with two species from warm-temperate South America.

Tree up to 12 m high; young shoots terete or slightly oval in transversal section, glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, simple, entire, coriaceous, more or less sessile when young, later shortly petiolate, elliptic to oblong; stipules rudimentary, marcescent. Inflorescence a multi floral, anthotelic panicle, mainly terminal. Flowers small, bisexual, actinomorphic, usually hexamerous, obhaplostemonous, with short hypanthium, slightly perigynous; sepals valvate, broad-based, triangular, and recurved at anthesis, persistent; petals white, distinct, narrowly clawed, with sub-orbicular lacerate lamina, thin, caducous, in bud hood-like, covering the anthers; stamens antepetalous, arising immediately below the petals on inner rim of hypanthium, incurved in bud; filaments more or less terete, longer than anthers; anthers sub-basi fixed, versatile, tetrasporangiate, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent; connective elliptical; disc 0; ovary superior, 2(-3)-carpellate, 2(-3)-locular, dorsiventrally compressed; style stout, shorter than ovary, basal part persistent; stigma capitate, papillate; ovules 15–20 per locule, bitegmic, anatropous, crassinucellate, superposed in a single vertical series per locule; placentation axile. Fruit a dorsiventrally compressed capsule, loculicidal at apex, reddish brown. Seeds depressedovoid, narrowly winged; seed coat thin and papery, rather smooth, brownish; embryo more or less flattened; cotyledons folded; endosperm 0.

Evergreen, rarely deciduous trees, scandent shrubs or woody climbers, glabrous or pubescent, very rarely armed with short spines (). Leaves spirally arranged, penninerved, simple or imparipinnate, with dentate or entire margins, sometimes heteromorphic, often on subwoody petiole bases, estipulate, the leaflets often on pulvini. Flowers small, hermaphroditic, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, in terminal or axillary panicles, these often reduced to solitary axillary flowers; the pedicels often very short, provided with 0-numerous minute bracts; sepals, petals and stamens opposite to each other; sepals (4)5, imbricate, free or ± connate at the base, equal or the inner 2 much smaller; petals (4)5, the innermost 2 often much smaller; stamens and staminodes 5; stamens all polliniferous (), or only the 2 opposite the inner petals polliniferous and the 3 other staminodial; thecae unilocellate; filament below the anther often swollen or bearing a collar-like extension (the latter perhaps formed by connective); nectary disk thin, annular, surrounding the base of the ovary, its lobes and ribs, if present, alternating with the stamens; ovary syncarpous of 2(3) carpels, either (all , very rarely in ) the carpels free in the apical part and ending in 2 short stylodia with capitate stigmas, or (, nearlyall ) the carpels apically united into a short, cylindric or conical style with a capitate stigma; cells 2(3), each with (1)2 pendulous or horizontal, axile, hemitropous, unitegmic, crassinucellar ovules. Fruit 1-celled or rarely 2-coccous, asymmetric, drupaceous or dry, indehiscent, developing a single seed; endocarp osseous or crustaceous. Endosperm scanty or wanting; embryo with an elongated, curved hypocotyl and 2 flat, folded or coiled cotyledons.

Perennial herbs, rarely annual or biennial, often rhizomatous. Leaves rosulate, alternate, on the inflorescence axis rarely opposite, simple or less often pinnately or palmately compound or decompound, margin various, from entire to lobed, crenate, or toothed; leaf base often sheathing, leaves on inflorescence often stipulate. Inflorescences cymose to racemose. Flowers perfect or sometimes some or all unisexual, regular to less often irregular, perigynous to often partly or wholly epigynous, homostylous (heterostylous in Jepsonia); hypanthium free from or variously adnate to base of ovary; calyx lobes (3-)5(-10); petals generally (4)5(6), sometimes 0, clawed or rarely cleft or dissected, well-developed or less often relatively small and inconspicuous; stamens usually 5 or 10, anthers basi fixed in basal pit, tetrasporangiate and dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits, bisporangiateand opening terminally in Leptarrhena and Tanakaea; gynoeciumof 2(3)carpels, these connate at least at verybaseanddistallyfreetoformholloworsolid stylodia terminated by capitate, rarely decurrent stigmas; ovules numerous and anatropous, usually bitegmic (unitegmic in Micranthes and Darmera), crassinucellate, on axile or parietal placentae. Fruit capsular or follicular; seeds typically numerous, small; endosperm present.

Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, deciduous or evergreen, the branchlets with large pith, the winter buds small, with 2–4 outer scales. Leaves involute, alternate, simple, petiolate, membranaceous to coriaceous, glabrous or pubescent, serrate to serrulate; venation pinnate-reticulate; stipules small, caducous. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, racemes or spikes, erect or pendulous, few-to many-flowered, with each flower subtended by a bract; pedicel articulated or inconspicuous, apically with two basally united prophylls. Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual and then plants dioecious, pedicellate or sessile; sepals 2+2, decussate, imbricate, the outer two smaller; petals 4, free, imbricate, yellow, greenish, pinkish or white; stamens 4+4, diplostemonous, distinct; anthers tetrasporangiate, deeply sagittate, opening by longitudinal slits, dorsi fixed, introrse, versatile; nectary at base of gynoecium well developed on sepaline radii; carpels 4; ovary syncarpous, superior, incompletely 4-locular due to intrusion of parietal placentae, sometimes pubescent; style simple, short, apical, stigma wet, capitate; placentation parietal (in upper part of ovary) to axile (in basal part), ovules numerous, arranged in two alternating rows in each carpel, anatropous, crass-inucellate, bitegmic. Fruit berry-like, with leathery pericarp and deciduous calyx; seeds numerous, small, with soft funicular aril and sclerotic testa; endosperm copious, fleshy, oily and albuminous, not starchy, perisperm 0; embryo straight, small, with short, fleshy funicle; cotyledons elliptic, flat, radicles short. = 12.

Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Leaves opposite, petiolate, pinnately compound, rarely unifoliolate, serrate, stipulate; stipels usually present but sometimes reduced to glands or absent. Inflorescences terminal or axillary in upper leaves, paniculate. Flowers perfect, hermaphroditic, actinomorphic; sepals 5, distinct or united, unequal, imbricate; petals 5, free, fused for part of their length or fused to form a short floral cup, unequal, imbricate in bud, often inserted on or below acrenateorlobeddisk; stamens 5, arising outsideoforbetweenthelobesofthedisk, alternate with the petals; filaments complanate; anthers 2-celled, dorsi fixed, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally; ovary superior to partially inferior, 2-3(4)-carpellate, the carpels nearly free or united, sessile, the stylodia at least partially free but distally fused to form a capitate, wet stigma; placentation axile, ovules few-many in 2 series on ventral suture. Fruit a berry, a membranous inflated capsule, or a multifollicle; seeds with a straight, green embryo and copious or rarely scanty fleshy endosperm.

Small to medium-sized tree. Leaves spiral, leathery, large, simple, obovate; blade entire with widely spaced serrulations; petioles with narrow, lateral wings; stipules united on the adaxial side of petiole to form a distally toothed, intrapetiolar structure. Flowers large, solitary, axillary, pentamerous, hypogynous and bisexual; sepals 8–10, imbricate, gradually increasing in size from outer to inner; petals 5(6), imbricate; stamens 5+5; filaments thick; anthers dorsi fixed, tetrasporangiate, thecae separate in the lower third of anther, latrorse, opening by slits; disk intrastaminal, thickened, lobed; carpels 4–7, laterally united throughout with the stylar portions congenitally into a single, twisted style with a slightly lobed stigma; ovules anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate, pendant on lateral placenta, usually 1 per locule; endosperm cellular. Fruit indehiscent, fibrous, with persistent styleandcalyx; seedswith arudimentaryarilon funicle, a thin layer of endosperm and a straight, dicotyledonous embryo.