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Shrubs, subshrubs or perennial or annual herbs, erect or procumbent, with foetid smell; indumentum of unicellular simple and glandular, subcapitate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes pinnatifid, sessile or shortly petiolate; stipule-like leaves present at base of most leaves and bracts. Inflorescences leafy panicles or simple or compound racemes, rarely fasciculate or dichasial, or flowers solitary. Flowers regular, perfect, the pedicels usually provided with prophylls; floral tube chartaceous, tubular, obconic, campanulate or funnelform, 10-nerved, 4-48 mm long; perianth and corona inserted at rim of floral tube; sepals 5, imbricate; petals 5, cochlear, ± clawed; corona well-developed to obsolete, when present, then surmounting the perianth and represented by a raised band of tissue at the base of the perianth; androgynophore 1.5– 13.5 mm long, with or without a ring of thickened tissue where joining the ovary; stamens 5, extending beyond the throat of the floral tube and corona, the filaments inserted on the androgynophore immediately below the ovary; anthers tetrasporangiate, dorsi fixed, dehiscing longitudinally; gynoecium 3(4)-carpellate, ovary superior, 1-locular, with numerous ovules on parietal placentae; stylodia free, filiform, extending beyond the anthers, inserted below the top of ovary and alternating with the placentae. Fruits stipitate capsules, enclosed by persistent floral tube, often tearing perianth and corona upon dehiscence, dehiscing at apex with 3-4 valves. Seeds 1-many, exarillate, ovoid, with crustaceous, pitted seed coat, fleshy endosperm and straight, medium-sized embryo.

Perennial, rhizomatous herbs (), suffrutices (), woody shrubs or small trees (). Leaves alternate, persistent or deciduous, glabrous or villous, petiolate, simple or imparipinnate, entire, serrate or lobed; venation palmate or pinnate; leaf bases simple or amplexicaul. Stipules absent or present, if present lateral or median, persistent or caducous. Inflorescences lateral or terminal, simple or compound racemes. Flowers resupinated or not, monosymmetric or polysymmetric, tetramerous or pentamerous, bisexual or functionally unisexual (), sometimes with a prominent mentum (); perianth glabrous or with glandular multicellular hairs and/or simple unicellular hairs. Sepals 4 or 5, polysymmetric or monosymmetric, less or more prominent than the corolla. Petals 4 or 5, cream, purplish or red, free or connivent with crystalline hairs (), smaller to larger than the sepals, polysymmetric or monosymmetric; androecium haplostemonous or obdiplostemonous, sometimes with one or more stamens absent, polysymmetric or monosymmetric (); filaments sometimes basally fused, pubescent or glabrous; anthers tetrasporangiate, usually basifixed, dehiscence latrorse. Gynoecium semi-inferior or slightly sunk in the receptacle, 4-5-locular, placentation axile to basal, with one to numerous anatropous ovules on intrusive placentas; style simple, very short to long; stigma small or commissural (). Fruit a papery, tardily dehiscent capsule, or a leathery to woody septicidal or loculicidal capsule. Seeds usually small (<10 mm) and exarillate or larger (>10 mm) with alargeyellowaril(Bersama).

Shrubs or trees up to 25 m high; stem often fluted and buttressed; young branches quadrangular. Leaves opposite or often ternate, petiolate, simple, entire, pinnately veined, obovate, elliptic or lanceolate, often acuminate, glabrous, coriaceous; stipules rudimentary. Inflorescence terminal and/or axillary, paniculate with branches ending in 3-flowered cymules; bracts opposite, often caducous. Flowers pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, (4)5-merous, obhaplostemonous, epigynous; hypanthium tubular, ending in (4)5 minute teeth (sometimes interpreted as epicalyx); sepals inserted on hypanthium rim, alternating with hypanthium teeth, conspicuous, petal-like, lingulate, white or pinkish, usually pubescent adaxially towards the base; calyx aestivation apert (at least in older developmental stages); petals inserted on adaxial side of hypanthium rim, alternating with and much shorter than sepals, scale-like, usually pink, pubescent, incurved and closing the hypanthium tube in bud, at anthesis spreading and more or less upright, exposing the floral centre; corolla aestivation valvate; stamens as many as and opposite petals, inserted below petals on adaxial side of hypanthium rim, strongly in-curved in bud, less so but still incurved at anthesis; filaments short; anthers bithecate, tetrasporangiate, dorsi fixed, longitudinally dehiscent, with thickened connective; disc structures lacking; pistil (3-)5-carpellate, syncarpous; ovary inferior, (3-)5-locular; style terete, not exserted; stigma capitate, papillate; ovules (2)3 per locule, pendulous, superposed on axile placenta, campylotropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; fruit drupaceous, thinly fleshy (pericarp), globose or ovoid, pink to bright red when ripe, with a circular scar left by the caducous hypanthium; endocarp woody. Seeds usually 1 per locule, often only 1 per fruit, ovoid or ellipsoid, with thick testa; endosperm absent.

Perennial herbs, halfshrubs or shrubs with herbaceous or woody stems, usually branched from cataphylls; rhizome and roots thickened, napiform or bulbous.Leaves large, deciduous, alternate, ternately or pinnately compound or dissected, petioles dilated at base, leaflets entire, 3-5-lobed to -parted, or dissected into linear segments, cuneate to rounded at base, with entire margin, with petiolules, often glaucous beneath; stipules 0. Flowers large, solitary, terminal on main axis or branches, actinomorphic, hermaphroditic, hypogynous, opening nearly flat, rarely connivent; receptacle more or less concave, preceded by 2-6 hypsophylls, the latter sometimes grading into sepals by shortening of internodes; sepals 3-5 or more, green, free, often reflexed, (herbaceous-) coriaceous,persistent; petals 5-10(-13), free, caducous, larger than or sometimes nearly as long as sepals, red, pink, white, sometimes yellow; stamens numerous; anthers dithecal, yellow, lateral, linear to elliptic-linear, opening lengthwise, connectives not projecting; filaments filiform; disk intrastaminal, membranaceous, coriaceous or fleshy, not nectariferous; carpels 2-8(-15), distinct, obliquely bottle-shaped, thick-walled; stylodia short, stigmas more or less circinate outside; ovules anatropous, with very thick integuments. Follicles thick-walled.Seeds purple-black to black, sometimes interspersed with sterile red “lure” seeds; endosperm copious.Flowering in spring to early summer, fruiting in summer to autumn.

Tendrillate climbers, less often erect herbs, shrubs, or small trees without tendrils, commonly with cyanogenic compounds; stems woody, often with anomalous secondary growth, or herbaceous, sometimes forming annual shoots from perennial rootstocks or underground runners; nodes trilacunar; supra-axillary accessory buds usually present; tendrils simple, or bi- or trifid near apex. Leaves alternate, often with nectaries on petiole, blade, or stipules; blade variable, unlobed, lobed or seldom compound; venation pinnate, palmate or pedate; stipules usually present, often small and caducous, sometimes foliose. Inflorescences axillary, usually with cymose (seldom racemose) arrangements of triads, rarely on cauline axis; rarely flowers solitary. Flowers usually perfect, regular, perigynous, usually with a saucer-shaped to tubular floral cup, commonly with a gynophore or an androgynophore, rarely with a sessile ovary, or rarely hypogynous; sepals (3-)5(-8), imbricate, free or partially united; petals as many as and alternating with the sepals, imbricate, free or shortly united, or seldom 0; extrastaminal corona of threads, tubercles or scales, in 1-many rows; nectary extrastaminal, either a ring or five discrete antesepalous nectar glands or a nectariferous ring often concealed by an operculum and limen; stamens (4)5 or 8(-numerous), sometimes borne by an androgynophore; carpels (2)3(-5), forming a unilocular ovary; stylodia solid or grooved, mostly distinct or basally fused, rarely style simple; stigmas capitate to discoid and papillate, or laciniate; ovules ± numerous or rarely ()few, usually anatropous, rarely orthotropous, mostly on a long funiculus, bitegmic and crassinucellar. Fruit a capsule or often a berry, rarely fleshy with irregular, apical dehiscence; pericarp thick and rind-like to papery and very thin; seeds few to many, often compressed, with a bony testa, often pitted or ridged, rarely winged, surrounded by an apical, pulpy aril; embryo large, straight; endosperm fleshy. Germination is almost always epigeal (). = 6, 9, 12.

Shrubs or shrublets (often ericoid), varying from procumbent to ascending or erect, sympodially branching at least in the adult stage; young branches glabrous, generally with 4 ridges ending in tooth- or peg-like processes on each side of the leaf bases. Leaves decussate, simple, entire (irregularly denticulate in Sonderothamnus), glabrous, linear to orbicular (subterete in Brachysiphon microphyllus), acuminate to retuse, sessile or shortly petiolate, more or less coriaceous and sclerophyllous; stipules rudimentary, more or less colleter-like. Inflorescences highly variable, indeterminate or determinate; terminal flowers preceded by two or more pairs of decussate bracts, the lateral flowers usually by transversal prophylls. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, 4-merous, obhaplostemonous, perigynos, apetalous; sepals free, petaloid, triangular to ovate, sometimes conspicuously carnose and reflexed at anthesis, simple-valvate or reduplicate-valvate (valvate with re flexed edges), persistent (together with hypanthium), inserted on the rim of a 5-45 mm long, campanulate or broadly to narrowly cylindrical hypanthium; colour of hypanthiumand calyx varying from white to yellow, pink, crimson or red; stamens as many as and alternating with sepals, free, inserted on the rim of the hypanthium, sometimes incurved in bud, basifixed, introrse, with longitudinal dehiscence; anthers bithecate, tetrasporangiate, with an expanded connective, sometimes versatile; thecae parallel or sometimes at an angle to each other; disc structures lacking but nectar secretion by epithelial and trichomatous glands; pistil 4-carpellate, syncarpous, superior, 4-locular with a single, terete, quadrangular or 4-winged style; stigma terminal, capitate, and more or less 4-lobed or the stigmatic areas subapical and restricted to the angles formed by 4 sterile, commissural lobes or wings; locules with 2 or 4 ovules; when 2, ovulesinsertedmoreorlessbasally and ascending; when 4, ovules insertion axile, 2 ascending and 2 pendant; or all 4 inserted more or less basally and ascending; ovules anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate. Fruit a loculicidal, smooth capsule; seeds ovoid, slightly compressed, dark brown to almost black when mature, with a glossy surface and a funicular, white elaiosome.

Erect perennial rhizomatous herbs; nodes unilacunar, 1-trace; roots fibrous. Leaves alternate, serrulate, simple, shortly petiolate, estipulate; lamina elliptic to lanceolate, venation pinnate with prominent midvein, attenuate at base. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, secund, scorpioid (or corymblike) cymes; floral bracts lateral and perpendicular to the pedicels; flowers perfect, small, regular; 5(-8)-merous; tetra-or pentacyclic, slightly perigynous; perianth with distinct calyx and corolla, or only sepaline; calyx valvate, of 5(-8) unequal sepals, united below, regular, erect during anthesis, becoming reflexed in fruit, persistent; corolla absent or, when present, inconspicuous with 1–8 greenish or whitish, lanceolate, slightly clawed petals inserted on rim of hypanthium, usually shorter than calyx lobes; stamens free, 10(-16), inserted in 2 whorls on edge of hypanthium; filaments teretefiliform, tapering only slightly towards anthers; anthers oblong, 2-loculate, basifixed, latrorse, longitudinally dehiscent, and caducous; gynoecium 5(-8)-carpellate; ovary 5(-8)-locular, syncarpous in lower half and sunken in hypanthium below placental area, thus partly inferior at anthesis but wholly superior at maturity; stylodia short, sub-marginal, erect during anthesis; stigmas capitate; each carpel with a single, marginal, pendulous placenta in its distal, free part with 30–100 ovules; ovules anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; fruiting carpels becoming obliquely oriented in fruit, dehiscing circumscissile above the syncarpous region of the gynoecium. Fruit many-seeded; seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, surfacepapillate (tuberculate to echinate); embryo large, straight, endosperm of the ab initio cellular type, scanty.

Trees, glabrous or with an indumentum of long simple hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, basal veins prominent or (Soyauxia) not so; petiole present, pulvinate; stipules intrapetiolar, almost amplexicaul, enclosing vegetative buds, caducous or (Soyauxia) free. Flowers in axillary, elongated or condensed racemes, pedicellate, actinomorphic, hermaphroditic, hypogynous, scented; sepals 4–7, free, imbricate; petals 5 (Soyauxia), otherwise 0; corona short, entire (Soyauxia); stamens numerous, distinct or fused at the base; anthers bisporangiate or (Soyauxia) tetrasporangiate, opening by a longitudinal slit or lateral flaps; disk intrastaminal, in Peridiscus enclosing more than half of the ovary; gynoecium syncarpous, 3-4(5)-carpellate; ovary unilocular, free or partly sunken into the disk, glabrous or pubescent, in Soyauxia with a central column; stylodia distinct, ending in subulate stigmatic tips; ovules usually 6-8, pendulous from the top of the locule. Fruits drupaceous or (Soyauxia) capsular, 1-seeded; endosperm abundant, horny; embryo small.

Dioecious trees or shrubs, rarely xylopodious. Leaves spiral, imparipinnate, estipulate; leaflets alternate or opposite, petioluled. Inflorescences long, slender, arching or pendulous, rarely erect thyrses or racemes, terminal or axillary. Flowers small, regular, unisexual, 3-5(6)-merous; sepals persistent, basally connate, the lobes imbricate or valvate; petals frail, sometimes 0 in male flowers, reduced and imbricate in female flowers; stamens as many as and alternate with sepals, sometimes on a column, wanting or reduced to staminodia in female flowers; gynoecium 2-3-carpellate, syncarpous, borne on small disk or gynophore, rudimentary or 0 in male flowers; ovary 1-3-locular; ovules 2 per locule, epitropous or apotropous, borne apically and pendulous, or basal, the ovules then erect; stylodia short, strongly recurved, ventrally papillose. Fruit a berry or a compressed samaroid capsule with persistent calyx and style branches; seed planoconvex to narrowly ellipsoidal; testa membranaceous; endosperm 0.

Annual or perennial, aquatic herbs, often bizarre in form, sometimes resembling lichens, bryophytes, seaweeds, or unlike any other plants; haptophytes, attached by adhesive hairs to rock or other hard objects in flowing freshwater, mostly in rapids and waterfalls; roots usually photosynthetic, creeping or partly floating, thread-like, ribbon-shaped, crustose (foliose), sometimes short-lived or absent. Shoots nearly always arising as endogenous buds from roots; stems reduced or elongate, simple or branched, sometimes dimorphic, occasionally only present when flowering. Photosynthesis takes place under water, flowers or even separate floral shoots develop as the water level drops, the vegetative shoots or leaves often shed as plants become exposed. Phyllotaxis variable, in Podostemoideae usually distichous. Leaves borne on elongate stems or arising fromprostrate, often disk-like stems, extremely variable in size and shape, from scale-like to well developed and compound; sheaths single or, in many Podostemoideae, double; sheath lobes sometimes elongated into stipule-like appendages; leaf blades stalked or sessile, entire, lobed or dissected; blade lobes or segments often bearing photosynthetic filaments and/or additional hairs; ultimate leaf segments filiform, linear or spathulate. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, in clusters or in racemeor cyme-like in florescences; flower buds naked in Weddellinoideae and some Tristichoideae, surrounded by a cupula (a collar-like vascularised cup) in some Tristichoideae, or completely enclosed in a spathella (a tubular or sack-like cover) in Podostemoideae; spathellas mostly enclosing a single sessile or pedicellate flower; pedicels often elongating in fruit. Anthesis takes place in air or flowers cleistogamous under water. Perianth of 1 complete or incomplete whorl of tepals, often confined to one side of the flower; tepals in Tristichoideae and Weddellinoideae large, 5 or rarely 4 or 6, imbricate and sepal-like; tepals in Podostemoideae small, 2–20, linear or subulate, usually alternating with stamens, in flowers with only 2 basally fused stamens occasionally an additional tepal borne at top of andropodium (common stalk); stamens 1–40, in 1 or 2 complete whorls, or in 1 incomplete whorl, or confined to one side of flower and consisting of 1–3 free stamens or a Y-shaped structure consisting of an andropodium carrying 2 stamens; filaments, when in whorls, mostly free or, in , their bases united to form an androecial tube; anthers dehiscing longitudinally by slits, introrsely to latrorsely or rarely extrorsely; pollen shed in monads, dyads or (rarely) tetrads, tricolporate in Weddellinoideae, tricolpate to pentacolpate in Podostemoideae, pantoporate with up to 16 pores in Tristichoideae; ovary superior, 2-or 3-locular or 1-locular in some Podostemoideae; ovules axile, anatropous, bitegmic, tenuinucellate. Fruit a capsule, smooth or ribbed, with 2 or 3, equal or unequal valves, sometimes one or more persisting; stigmas 1–3, variable in shape and size. Seeds 2 to very numerous (over 2,000); seed coat usually mucilaginous and sticky; endosperm 0; embryo straight, with 2 cotyledons and a suspensor.