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Perennial herbs, either with ascending or creeping pachycaulous stems, covered with large leaf scars, apically with large to gigantic, long-petioled leaves reaching up to c. 5 m in height (), and between these often covered with conspicuous bracts protecting the inflorescence and vegetative buds, or stoloniferous and mat-forming, with short, upright stem portions bearing leaf-rosettes, reachingfrom4 cm to about 1 m in height, or in one case (), diminutive annuals. Leaves alternate, crowded at stem tips; petioles short to very long; lamina oblong to reniform or peltate, dentate, crenate or palmately lobed, the crenations and lobes with protruding hydathodes; venation in large-leaved species palinactinodromous with veins very prominent and projecting as ribs on abaxial surface, in smaller-leaved species actinodromous or pinnate and less prominent. Sometimes with more or less conspicuous, simple to much divided scales between the leaf-bases, stolons with paired, or single ochrea-like, bracts apically. Inflorescences axillary or pseudoterminal, erect, simple or compound racemes, or spikes; lower flowers mostly pistillate, upper ones staminate, the middle ones sometimes perfect, or flowers all unisexual, in a few cases plants dioecious. Flowers small, bracteate or not, epigynous, sepals 2, anteri-posterior, valvate, sometimes obsolete, petals 2, transversal, mitre-shaped, slightly exceeding the sepals, caducous, in female flowers wanting; stamens 2(1), transversal, with short filaments; anthers dithecal and tetrasporangiate, opening by longitudinal slits; carpels2, united to form an inferior, unilocular ovary; stylodia 2, transversal; stigmas dry, papillate; ovule solitary, pendulous from apex of locule. Fruit drupaceous, coriaceous to fleshy, oval to globose, green or bright red, rarely white or yellow. Seeds with a very small obcordate embryo embedded in copious, oily endosperm. Specialized organs containing endosymbiontic cells are located in the stem between the leaf-bases of all species.

Small trees, shrubs, subshrubs, or perennial or annual terrestrial or aquatic herbs, glabrous or scabrous with simple uniseriate hairs; stems erect, ascending, procumbent or creeping, often rooting at lower nodes; nodes unilacunar. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, sessile or petiolate, simple or deeply dissected, entire or toothed, estipulate, heterophyllous in Proserpinaca and Myriophyllum . Inflorescence thyrso-paniculate, thyrsoid or racemose, or flowers solitary; partial in florescences usually dichasial; prophylls persistent or caducous. Flowers regular, hermaphroditic or unisexual-monoecious, epigynous, 4(-2)-merous; sepals valvate, persistent (0 in female flowers of Myriophyllum); petals imbricate, keeled, hooded, ± unguiculate, falling with the stamens (0 or rudimentary in Proserpinaca and female flowers of Myriophyllum and Laurembergia); stamens equal to or twice the number of sepals; filaments short, slender; anthers 4-sporangiate, dehiscing by slits; gynoecium 4(-2)-carpellate; stylodia free, clavate, from bulbous base; ovary 4(-1)-locular but septa sometimes weakly developed and present only at base and apex of ovary or reduced; ovules 2 or 1 per loculus (if 2, then one aborts at an early stage), anatropous or hemitropous, bitegmic, crassinucellar, with weakly developed funicular obturator. Fruit an indehiscent, 4-1-seeded nutlet, or indehiscent and comprising 4 pyrenes (Meziella), or splitting septicidally into (2-)4 mericarps (Myriophyllum), the exocarp often ornamented with tubercles, wings or ribs; seeds with straight, cylindrical embryo and usually with ± copious, fleshy endosperm. x=7 (9, 21, 29). A subcosmopolitan family of 8 genera and c. 150 species, most south hemispheric, particularly Australian

Trees, sometimes tall, or shrubs, with strong odour of garlic. Leaves alternate, simple, with few roundish glands, elliptic, tip acuminate to cuspidate, base cuneate to obtuse, margin entire; stipules caducous. Flowers hermaphroditic, actinomorphic, hypogynous, in dense or few-flowered axillary cymes or solitary; sepals 5, valvate in bud, free or partly united, with glands on adaxial surface; petals 5, free, induplicate-valvate, with long simple hairs on adaxial side; stamens (8)10, of equal length, all fertile, free, apparently arranged in one whorl; anthers basi fixed, dithecal, inner pollen sacs smaller than outer ones, dehiscence lengthwise or by apical slits; gynoecium5-carpellate with terminal style and entire stigma; ovary unilocular; ovules solitary ()or 5-6, basal, anatropous. Fruit capsular or indehiscent, 1(2)-seeded; seeds large, with a basal hilum; embryo straight; surrounded by copious endosperm.

Evergreen or sometimes deciduous herbs, shrubs or trees; glands or canals in most parts of the plant; xanthones widespread; hairs uni- or multicellular, eglandular, colleters common; terminal bud scaly or naked; leaves opposite, occasionally whorled or alternate, entire, estipulate; in florescences terminal, more or less cymose, rarely axillary or flowers single, flowers polysymmetric, perfect, usually with prophylls; sepals free, (2-)4-5; petals (3)4-5, free; stamens (9-)∞, freeorvariously fasciculate or connate, anthers < 1(-1.2)mm long, dithecate, extrose, opening by slits, connective often with glands, staminodes alternipetalous or 0; nectary absent; ovary superior, 3-5-locular, placentation axile to parietal, ovules 1-∞/carpel, anatropous, bitegmic, tenuinucellate; stylodia free or basally more or less fused or style single, stigmas more or less expanded, smooth and sticky or ±punctate and papillate; fruit baccate or capsular, rarely a drupe; seeds small, winged or not, exotegmen lignified, with sinuous anticlinal walls; embryo straight or rarely curved; endosperm initially nuclear, often absent at maturity; germination epigeal, phanerocotylar.

Trees and shrubs, sometimes climbing; pith lamellate; axillary buds sometimes superposed. Leaves alternate, glandular-serrate (spiny-dentate in )or rarely entire, pinnately veined; stipules minute, subulate, or 0. Inflorescences many-flowered terminal or axillary panicles or racemes, often superposed in groups of 2 or 3. Flowers small, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous; sepals 5, basally connate into a short, turbinate or obconic tube adnate to base of ovary, lobes valvate or apert, persistent; petals 5, valvate, persistent; stamens 5, alternating with the petals, insertedat the margin of the annular nectary disk; anthers small, oblong to ovoid, dorsifixed, introrse, at the apex with a globular protrusion of the connective; gynoecium of 2 united carpels, ovary 2-locular, nearly superior to more than 3/4 inferior; style undivided (post-genitally united?)or more or less deeply divided into two stylodia but then, at anthesis, apically coherent with globular stigmas; stigmas capitate, cohering but separating in fruit; ovules numerous on axile placentas, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Fruit a capsule with persistent perianth, dehiscing septicidally; seeds with large, curved embryo surrounded by sparse, fleshy endosperm. = 11.

Small, evergreen trees; unicellular lignified T-shaped trichomes present both on vegetative and floral parts. Leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, simple, petiolate, estipulate, coriaceous, serrate, gland-tipped, venation pinnate-reticulate. Inflorescences terminal, few-flowered, corymbose panicles, the pedicels articulated. Flowers actinomorphic, perfect, the calyx tube short, adnate to base of ovary; sepals 5, persistent, imbricate, the outer ones shorter, the three inner ones enclosing the inner organs in bud; petals 5, imbricate, free, clawed, white, inserted on floral cup; stamens 5, free, antesepalous, alternatingwith disk lobes; anthers dorsi fixed, sagittate, introrse, versatile, opening by longitudinal slits, with a hypogynous 5-lobed disk; gynoecium 5-carpellate; ovary superior to semi-inferior, syncarpous, 5-locular; style simple, apical, hollow; stigma punctiform; placentation axile, ovules 2 per carpel, pendant, collateral, bitegmic, crassinucellar, anatropous. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal capsule; seeds 1(2)per locule, large, shiny blackish with a red aril; embryo large, with thick cotyledons and small radicula; endosperm scanty.

Rhizomatous shrubs, subshrubs, or perennial herbs semiparasitic on the roots of a wide array of flowering plants. Leaves alternate, simple or trifoliolate, estipulate, entire, variously vestitured. Flowers axillary and single or in botryoid panicles, bisexual, zygomorphic, hypogynous with 5(4) purple, pink, or yellow showy, imbricate sepals and 5(4) petals, the 2 abaxial of which are reduced to glandular, lipid-secreting structures and the remaining 3(2) small and forming a flag inserted adaxially above the ovary. Stamens 4(3), 4-locular, curved, with stout filaments usually united basally, and anthers dehiscing by terminal pores; ovary superior, unilocular; carpels 2 but appearing singular due to the early abortion of one carpel; style stout, curved; stigma recessed; ovules 2, pendulous from the top of the ovary, anatropous, bitegmic. Fruits globose, nut-like, spiny capsules with the thin pericarp splitting irregularly, 1-seeded; seed large, lacking endosperm; cotyledons orbicular, ventrally flattened.

Shrubs, rarely subshrubs or perennial or annual herbs, 0.3–1.5(-4)m tall, stems erect or ascending, strongly branched, often differentiated into sometimes spinescent brachyblasts and dolichoblasts, stems tough, initially with white or brownish pith, terete, with greyish brown bark, underground stems occasionally present. Indumentum of simple, unicellular trichomes and uniseriate trichomes with a single-celled gland-tip, usually very dense on leaves, stems, calyx and ovary. Leaves evergreen or semi-deciduous, opposite or subopposite, rarely in whorls of three, shortly petiolate to sessile, petiole with clasping base, estipulate, lamina entire or pinnatifid to pinnate to trifoliolate, margin entire or serrate;interpetiolar line often present. Inflorescences terminal cymoids or pleiothyrsoids, with monochasial to asymmetrically dichasial paraclades, often reduced to 2–3 flowers, or a terminal flower only, frondose-bracteose, individual flowers of subtended by prophylls. Flowers perfect, actinomorphic, pentamerous;sepals free or united in proximal half, imbricate with valvate tips, persistent in fruit;petals 5(4 or 0), free, with contort aestivation;stamens (4, 5, 4 + 4)5 + 5, usually obdiplostemonous and heterantherous, typically 5 long and 5 short; filaments sometimes with pair of basal appendages;gynoecium of 3–5 carpels;style single, very short, with 3–5 long stigmatic branches;ovary 3–5-lobed, with 1–20, pendulous, campylotropous ovules in each locule; placentation axile. Fruits septicidal or septifragous capsules with five 1-many-seeded locules;embryo straight or cochlear with spirally folded cotyledons;endosperm present, exotesta poorly developed or absent, occasionally mucilaginous.

Trees, shrubs, scramblers, or large perennial herbs;stems unarmed or with rows of prickles; tendrils 0. Leaves 1-4-pinnate to trifoliate or simple;stipules sheathing the petiole margins with conspicuous, persistent or caducous stipular wings; leaflets glabrous to pubescent with simple hairs, crenate to serrate to dentate at margin, teeth with small glandular apex, lower surface usually with specialized multicellular, stellate or globular caducous “pearl” glands. In florescence paniculate, often corymbiform, terminal or axillary, erect or pendulous. Flowers hermaphroditic, 5(4)-merous; calyx campanulate with triangular lobes and glandular tips;petals valvate, apically often cucullate, reflexed at anthesis, basally connate, adnate to staminal tissue and the lower portion of floral disc; floral disc tubular, intrastaminal;stamens 5 or 4, antepetalous, alternating with the lobes of floral disc, anthers tetrasporangiate and 2-locular, introrse and sometimes appearing extrorse;ovary superior but sometimes partly sunken in the disc, 2-3(-5)-carpellate but with a secondary septum in each carpel and 4-6(-10)-locular;ovule 1 per locule, anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate; style elongate;stigma discoid and capitate. Fruit aberry, ratherdry, subglobose, purple, black or orange;seeds endotestal;endosperm ruminate with roughly 5 ingrowths;embryo linear. 2=24 or 48 (rarely 20, 22, or 28).

Trees, shrubs or herbs, frequently with the younger stems quadrangulate; nodes unilacunar. Leaves opposite, seldom whorled or alternate, simple, entire (dentate in ), stipulate or estipulate, glandular processes present in the axil at the base of the petiole in most genera; blades membranous or coriaceous, venation brochidodromous. Inflorescences determinate or indeterminate, forming cymes, axillary or terminal racemes, spikes, or thyrses, rarely flowers solitary; the pedicels with prophylls. Flowers generally odorless, actinomorphic, or tending to zygomorphic by increased abaxial orientation of stamens and pistil, truly zygomorphic in and , perfect (dioecious in ), typically perigynous, seldom epigynous or hemi-epigynous, 4-6(8-16)-merous, mono-, dior trimorphic; floral tube campanulate to tubular, often conspicuously nerved, persistent (except ), membranous to thick and coriaceous; sepals one half or less the length of the floral tube, valvate, triangular-ovate, acute, often alternating with external appendages (the epicalyx); petals (0-)4-6(-many), inserted on the inner rim of the floral tube, alternating with the sepals, crumpled, pinnately veined, frequently clawed, caducous; stamens typically diplostemonous, sometimes reduced to a single antesepalous or antepetalous whorl, when diplostemonous, then the filaments of the antesepalous whorl longest, inserted near the base of the floral tube or above, anthers dorsi fixed, versatile, rarely basi fixed, introrse, bilocular, longitudinally dehiscent; gynoecium syncarpous, encircled at the base by nectariferous tissue or the nectary enlarged, forming a unilateral free-standing nectary, or nectary 0; stigma capitate or punctiform, dry or wet; style simple, slender, commonly exserted; ovary superior or less often semi-inferior to inferior, thin-or thick-walled, 2-4(-many)-locular, the septa incomplete at the apex or vestigial and reduced to thin threads; placentation axile, the placenta slender or globose and nearly free-central at capsule maturity; ovules 2-many. Fruit a dry, thin-to thick-walled capsule enclosed by the persistent floral tube, rarely leathery and berrylike, dehiscing loculicidally, septicidally, or splitting irregularly, infrequently circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds obpyramidal or oblong to obovoid and convex-concave or lenticular-compressed, winged or not; seed coat with or without inverted epidermal hairs; embryo straight, cotyledons planar (rolled in ), often auriculate or cordate, partially enveloping the short radicle, oily. x =8.