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Trees, shrubs, subshrubs or lianes, sometimes mangroves, rarely spiny. Indumentum almost always of unicellular, slender, thick-walled, pointed hairs with a distinctive basal compartment (‘Combretaceous hairs’) alone or with glandular hairs of one (or rarely both) of two types — short, capitate stalked glands, and subsessile peltate scales. Leaves opposite (or whorled) or spiral, petiolate, simple, entire, with pinnate venation, often with a pair of petiolar glands or domatia; stipules 0 or vestigial. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, capitate to expanded, of simple or paniculate spikes or less often racemes. Flowers with simple, usually caducous bracts, bisexual, or bisexual and male in same inflorescence, or rarely dioecious, 4- to 5-merous, actinomorphic, or sometimes weakly zygomorphic, epigynous or rarely semi-epigynous; hypanthium (receptacle) surrounding ovary (lower hypanthium) and extended beyond into saucer- to tube-shaped upper hypanthium, with 2 prophylls fused to lower hypanthium in Laguncularieae;sepals 4-5(-8), borne at tip of upper hypanthium, sometimes vestigial, rarely accrescent; petals 4-5, usually borneatorneartipofupperhypanthium, often small, sometimes conspicuous, or often 0; stamens usually twice as many as sepals (rarely to 16), borne inside upper hypanthium usually at two levels, sometimes as many as sepals, rarely second whorl represented by staminodes, exserted or included, with dorsifixed, usually versatile, rarely adnate, 4-locular anthers; nectariferous disk often present at base of upper hypanthium; ovary 1-locular; ovules (1)2-7(-20)(usually 2), apical, pendulous, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; style simple, with usually punctiform stigma. Fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent or rarely tardily dehiscent, with dry or spongy to succulent wall, often with 2-5 papery to leathery wings; endosperm absent in mature seed;cotyledons usually 2(-5)or fused to appear 1, variously folded or twisted in seed, rarely flat or hemispherical.

Perennial or rarely annual or hapaxanthic herbs to (sub) shrubs, rarely aquatics, treelike, epiphytic or scandent, with ± succulent leaves, sometimes with succulent stems, rhizomes, underground caudices or succulent roots; indumentum of uni- or multicellular, often glandular hairs, or plants glabrous. Leaves (sub) sessile or rarely petiolate, usually alternate and spiral, or opposite-decussate or rarely whorled, frequently aggregated into rosettes, simple, rarely compound, usually entire or crenate to lobed, rarely dissected, estipulate. Inflorescences usually terminal, bracteate, usually many-flowered, basically thyrsoids, also pleio-, di-or monochasia (cincinni) or rarely true panicles, racemes or spikes. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or very rarely zygomorphic, usually proterandrous, (3-)5(-32)- merous; sepals free or connate at base, sometimes distinctly unequal in size; petals free or connate to a short to long corolla tube; stamens as many as or usually twice as many as petals; filaments free or ± connate with a tubular corolla; anthers basifixed in basal pit, 4-sporangiate, 2-locular at anthesis, dehiscence latrorse or slightly introrse by longitudinal slits; ovary usually ± superior to semi-inferior; carpels as many as petals, usually free or almost so, sessile or sometimes stipitate, tapering gradually to abruptly into short to long, erect to divergent stylodia, basally with a small to conspicuous dorsal nectary scale; stigma small, (sub) apical, often poorly differentiated; ovulesusually many, rarely few to one, anatropous, crassi-or tenuinucellate, bitegmic, on parietal to marginal placentae. Fruits usually follicles, and usually ± completely dehiscent along the ventral suture, rarely few-seeded, indehiscent and nutlike; seeds smallish, usually 0.5–1 mm long,elongate-fusiform, longitudinally ridged (costate) or papillate (uni-or rarely multipapillate), rarely (nearly) smooth, usually brownish; embryo small, straight; endosperm cellular, scanty.

Small to large microphyllous shrubs, rarely arborescent, intricately branched; stems smooth, spinescent, or with hyaline to black trichomes. Leaves alternate or opposite, scattered or fascicled; stipules minute or 0. Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal on short shoots, bisexual or rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, perigynous, with or without a fleshy or thin, glandular, crenately lobed disk; hypanthium present, short and turbinate or enlarged and tubular; sepals (3)4-5(6), equal or unequal in form, ovate, oblong or triangular, persistent; petals (3)4-5(6), distinct, deciduous or persistent, equal or unequal in form, narrowly lanceolate to round ovate, usually longer than sepals, often short-clawed; stamens 4-50, diplostemonous, haplostemonous, or polystaminate, sometimes unequal in length, rarely almost sessile; anthers basifixed; gynoecium apocarpous, 1-5(-9)-carpellate; pistils stipitate or sessile, 1-celled, with 1-2 to many ovules; stylodia short or 0; stigmas capitate. Fruits follicular, ventrally dehiscent, surfacesmoothorrugose. Seeds disk-shaped, black or brown, with a whitish or yellowish, irregular, fimbriate or fimbriolate aril, 1(2)-many.

Evergreen trees. Leaves glabrous, opposite, simple, entire, pinnately veined, with short petioles and with or without small stipules. Inflorescences with long, spicate or racemose branches, many-flowered. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (populations then apparently dioecious), epigynous or perigynous, 4-5(6)-merous; calyx minute or obsolete; petals minute or obsolete, perianth 1-or 2-whorled; androecium diplostemonous or haplostemonous, anthers bithecate, dehiscing longitudinally, connective dorsally thickened or not; pistil 2-6-locular, style with a capitate stigma; ovary inferior or superior, with few or numerous ovules per locule; ovules anatropous and bitegmic. Fruits capsules; seeds few or many, flat and with one or two membranous wings, endospermabsent; embryo straight, the seed coat winged.

Evergreen, glabrous trees or shrubs, dioecious or rarely polygamo-dioecious; branchlets covered with circular or elliptic lenticels. Leaves simple, petiolate, estipulate, alternate, rarely opposite, sometimes fasciculate at the branch-tips and subverticillate, pinnately veined; margin entire, sometimes dentate near the apex. Inflorescences axillary, rarely subterminal, racemiform. Flowers unisexual, regular, hypogynous, apetalous,pedicellate; sepals 0 or 3-6 and then imbricate; stamens 5-14, subsessile or with long filaments; anthers curved (“lunate”)or straight, basifixed, tetrasporangiate, latrorse, opening with valves, commonly with a shortly prolonged connective; pistillodes rarely present in staminate flowers; gynoecium syncarpous of 2(-4)carpels, imperfectly 2(-4)-septate; stylodia short, connate only at the base, divaricate, recurved or circinate, with dry, papillate, decurrent stigmas; ovules (1)2 in each locule, lateral on parietal placentae, pendulous, anatropous, epitropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate. Fruit a 1(2)-seeded drupe; seeds with abundant oily and proteinaceous endosperm and some perisperm; embryo very small, straight, apical. 2 n=32. A monogeneric family with about thirty species distributed from India to Japan and from Central China to New Guinea.

Evergreen dioecious trees to 15 m high. Hairs small, peltate. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, estipulate. Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate, simple or compound spike-like racemes or depauperate panicles. Flowers small, apetalous; males: subtended by 0-2 scales, stamens 2, with connate filaments, anthers basifixed, extrorse, dithecal, tetrasporangiate, longitudinally dehiscent; females: paired, solitary or in triads, each subtended by a bract and a minute abaxial scale, monocarpellate with an adaxial suture and a large, truncate or obliquely decurrent bilobate stigma, stylodium very short or 0, ovule solitary, hemianatropous. Fruit a sulcate, indehiscent drupe with vestigial stigma at the apex; seed solitary; endosperm 0; embryo with thick cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs, or lianas, rarely subshrubs or rhizomatous herbs; vestiture of sclerified and/or silicified simple and sometimes also fasciculate trichomes; glandular trichomes very rare. Leaves spirally arranged, very rarely opposite; blades petiolate or uncommonly sessile, simple, or rarely threefold pinnatisect to pinnately compound; margins entire or toothed; venation craspedromous, semicraspedromous, brochidodromous, or eucamptodromous, frequently with ± straight, parallel secondaries terminating in the teeth (whenpresent), and rigidly percurrent tertiaries; stipules 0, but the petiole sometimes with persistent or caducous amplexicaul wings, and often with a broad insertion. Plants synoecious, or rarely structurally androdioecious and functionally dioecious. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, orramiflorous, determinate; frequently a thyrsoid with cincinnate or modified dichasial partial inflorescences, a panicle, or monad, sometimes a botryoid or cincinnus; pedicels commonly with apical articulation. Flowers small to very large, actinomorphic or (mainly in the androecium) monosymmetric, hypogynous or very rarelypartly epigynous, without nectar; receptacle flat or infrequently conical; sepals (3)4-5(-18), equal to unequal, typically free, membranaceous to coriaceous, imbricate (quincuncial when 5), always persistent, slightly to substantially accrescent in fruit; petals (2)3-5(-7), free, elliptic to obovate, often emarginate, typically white or yellow, frequently crumpled in bud, imbricate (quincuncial when 5), typically caducous; stamens (1 or 3-)5-400(-900), occasionally partly staminodial, typically marcescent, free or sometimes the filaments basally to nearly fully connate and then typically grouped into 1, 2, 3, or 5 fascicle(s), rarely forming a short tube; anthers basifixed, dithecal and tetrasporangiate, linear to oblong to subglobose, dehiscing via longitudinal slits, apical clefts, or apical pores; connective sometimes thickened, distinctly separating the thecae, and occasionally protruding apically as a short mucro; gynoecium apocarpous to, less frequently, hemisyncarpous, of 1-10(-20)carpels arranged in1 whorl (very rarely 2 whorls); stylodia free; stigmas punctiform, minute, and not differentiated in shape from the stylodia, or the stigmas peltate with an annuliformor, infrequently, irregular margin; ovules 1-80, anatropous to campylotropous, when 1, apotropous, when 1-2, 1 apotropous and 1 epitropous, erect, or when 4 or more, pleurotropous and syntropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; placentation submarginal, in 2(4, 6) vertical rows, or basal when ovules 1-2. Fruit most frequently a follicle or aggregate of follicles (sometimes basally coherent), or indehiscentand enclosed by the fleshy, accrescent sepals, less often a fleshy capsule, berry, or aggregate of nutlets; aril fleshy to scarious and oily or waxy, funicular, rarely vestigial; seed coat with typically heavily sclerotized or sometimes cutinized endotesta; raphe short; endosperm fleshy, oily or sometimes also starchy, abundant; embryo straight, minute.

Densely leafy low shrub, 50-120 cm high, aluminium-accumulating. Leaves coriaceous, decussate, subsessile, simple, entire, ovate, base cordate, apex acute, margin thickened; stipules small, subulate, situated on the sides of the short, petiole-like leaf base. Flowers solitary, terminal on lateral short shoots, subtended by 3 pairs of decussate, persistent bracts, these increasing in size and petaloid above; vestigial flower buds often present in axils of uppermost bracts. Flowers with short, sharply 4-angled pedicels, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, monochlamydeous, hypogynous; tepals 4, decussate, basally shortly connate, persistent, pink, turning carmine when older; stamens 4 + 4, attached basally to the floral tube; filaments slender, free; anthers 4-sporangiate, dorsi fixed, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent; nectary intrastaminal on floral cup with 4 nectary recesses opposite the tepals; gynoecium 4-carpellate; ovary superior, 4-lobate in transection, sessile, 4-locular; stylodia 4, free above the base but, at anthesis in apical part, postgenitally fused and twisted; stigma common to the four stylodia and punctiform; ovules 2 per locule, anatropous, pendulous from the apex. Fruit a hard, 4-lobed, loculicidal capsule enclosed in the persistent perianth; seeds 1 per locule, reniform, oblong, whitish, smooth; endosperm present; embryo straight, central; cotyledons long and linear.

Herbs, sometimes shrublets or shrubs, occasionally with succulent stems, sometimes geophytic. Leaves alternate or opposite, mostly palmately or pinnately lobed or compound, lobes deeply serrate or lobulate; stipules present or () absent. Inflorescences pseudoumbellate, or flowers solitary. Flowers perfect, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, pentamerous; sepals free or united at base, imbricate with valvate tips, persistent; petals 5 (4, 2 or 0), free, imbricate; stamens 5 or 10 and 15, then in two whorls, sometimes a few sterile, filaments free or more or less connate at base; gynoecium of 5(4) carpels; style with 5 stigmatic branches (unbranched with capitate stigma in ); ovary 5-lobed, with 1-2(-12)pendulous, anatropous ovules in each locule; placentation axile. Fruits schizocarps with five 1-seeded awned mericarps which separate elastically from a central beak (rostrum), or () with five 1-few-seeded mericarps not connected by a central column or loculicidal capsules; seeds with a more or less curved embryo with green cotyledons or () with a cochlear embryo with spirally folded cotyledons; endosperm absent or scanty.

Shrubs, sometimes dioecious, 0.1–7 m tall, erect, prostrate or lianescent with regular and very short internodes, unarmed or with simple or ternate nodal and/or simple internodal spines, stem initially with white pith, terete, bark dark brown to black, later often exfoliating in strips; horizontal underground stems often present; indumentum of subsessile and/or unicellular and pluriseriate, glandular or eglandular trichomes on young shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Leaves deciduous or evergreen, alternate, petiolate, rarely subsessile; stipules usually dry, brown and fimbriate; bud scales dry and brown, rarely membranaceous, usually pubescent and/or glandular; lamina ovate to subcircular, rarely flabellate, membranaceous to coriaceous, 0.5–25 cm in diameter, base cuneate to deeply cordate, usually trilobate, or subpalmately lobed, rarely undivided; margin irregularly lobulate and coarsely serrate with hydathode teeth, rarely subentire, usually pubescent at least abaxially, sometimes densely covered with resin orwax; venationpalmatewithusuallythreemajor veins; ptyxis mostly plicate, rarely convolute. Inflorescences usually on short shoots, racemose, pendulous, or rarely erect, (1-)5-50-flowered, axis sometimes with very short, sometimes distally contracted and in florescence appearing corymbose, each flower with a pubescent and often fimbriate bract and usually two smaller prophylls, rarely with a single, amplexicaul prophyll. Flowers hermaphroditic or unisexual, chasmogamous, proterandric or protogynous, erect or pendulous, actinomorphic, (4)5-merous; hypanthiumdistinct, patelliform to long-cylindrical and usually persistent in fruit; calyx lobes usually oblong-acuminate, erect, spreading or reflexed, rarely erect with reflexed apex, green, white, yellow or red; petals distinct, rarely absent, erect or spreading, margin entire, ovate or oblong with narrowed base, rarely filiformor flabellate, flat or sometimes involute, membranaceous, green, white, yellow or red, aestivation apert; androecium haplostemonous, stamens antesepalous, all fertile or all staminodial; filaments filiform, insertion episepalous; anthers included or long-exserted, basifixed, with 4 microsporangia; connective undifferentiated or with distal nectary, staminodia undifferentiated with poorly developed thecae, or fully developed thecae but without viable pollen; nectary a well-developed, often 5-lobed disc; ovary in hermaphroditic and female flowers well developed, completely inferior to 1/3 superior, conical to globose, glabrous to densely glandularand/or pubescent, with 2 parietal, slightly intrusive placentae, in male flowers very small, undifferentiated or with poorly developed ovules; style conical to filiformwith two stigmatic branches and two papillose stigmas, included or exserted, basally often densely pubescent; ovules numerous, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellar with well-developed chalazal haustoria. Fruit a soft berry crowned with the persistent perianth, often covered with unicellular or glandular trichomes, yellow, orange, red, black, rarely white and/or covered with waxy bloom, acidic or insipid; seeds (3-)10 -60, with outer mucilaginous layer and a hard, brown to black seed coat; embryo small, straight, embedded in copious starch-free, oily endosperm; seedlings with 2 ovate to elliptical cotyledons, these apically emarginate with midvein ending in hydathode tooth, often pubescent and glandular.