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In natural environments, the auditory system is typically confronted with a mixture of sounds originating from different sound sources. As sounds spread over time, the auditory system has to continuously decompose competing sounds into distinct meaningful auditory objects or “auditory streams” referring to certain sound sources. This decomposition work, which was termed by Albert Bregman as “Auditory scene analysis” (ASA), involves two kinds of grouping to be done. Grouping based on simultaneous cues, such as harmonicity and on sequential cues, such as similarity in acoustic features over time. Understanding how the brain solves these tasks is a fundamental challenge facing auditory scientist. In recent years, the topic of ASA was broadly investigated in different fields of auditory research, including a wide range of methods, studies in different species, and modeling. Despite the advance in understanding ASA, it still proves to be a major challenge for auditory research. This includes verifying whether experimental findings are transferable to more realistic auditory scenes. A central approach in understanding ASA is the use of certain stimulus parameters that produce an ambiguous percept. The advantage of such an approach is that different perceptual organizations can be studied without varying physical stimulus parameters. Additionally, the perception of ambiguous stimuli can be volitionally controlled by intention or task. By using this one can mirror real hearing situations where listeners intent to identify and to localize auditory sources. Recently it was also found that in classical auditory streaming sequences perceptual ambiguity was not restricted to but was observed over a broad range of stimulus parameters. The proposed Research Topic pursues to bring together scientist in the different fields of auditory research whose work addresses the issue of perceptual ambiguity. Researchers were welcome to contribute experimental reports, computational modeling, and reviews that consider auditory ambiguity in its modality specific characteristics as well as in comparison to visual ambiguous figures. The overall goal of contributions was to consider the experimental findings from the perspective of real auditory scenes. In a broader sense, the Research Topic was open for contributions which are related to the issue of active listening in complex scenes.

El presente trabajo de tesis buscó profundizar aspectos escasamente estudiados en el contexto de las interacciones entre los alimentos probióticos y el hospedador. Se considera aquí como aspecto novedoso, el efecto del acenocumarol, un anticoagulante oral de amplia aplicación en nuestro país en el marco de la hipótesis de que la presencia del fármaco y los microorganismos probióticos podría dar lugar a efectos relevantes para el individuo que no pueden determinarse mediante estudios de efectos de cada agente por separado. Los ensayos in vitro permitieron demostrar que la presencia del fármaco modula la respuesta celular conduciendo a modificaciones de la internalización de microorganismos y cambios en los mediadores químicos generados por las células. Este escenario complejo dependió del contexto inflamatorio en el que se efectuaron los estímulos. Los resultados de los ensayos in vitro condujeron a la implementación de un modelo murino en el que se evidenció nuevamente el efecto inmunomodulatorio del acenocumarol que modificó la respuesta del hospedador frente a las bacterias, pero ya en un ámbito de interacciones de la complejidad de un modelo mamífero. Como elemento adicional de altísima relevancia, se determinó que la administración de bifidobacterias modifica el efecto del fármaco como anticoagulante. El presente trabajo abre numerosas perspectivas de estudios para dilucidar los mecanismos involucrados en los evidentes efectos inmunomodulatorios de las bifidobacterias y el acenocumarol.