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To increase the reliability of products, the structural integrity of structural steels are relevant scientific challenges for materials specialists all over the world. A new direction of dealing with these challenges, i.e., making steels with superdispersed, including nanosized, structures, was formed during the past decade. Methods for obtaining such materials define their structural features (grain sizes, grain boundary interface development) and strength characteristics under different types of loading

This article describes the process and demonstrates the possibility to obtain a complex square-shaped nanostructured ceramic cutting composite by spark plasma sintering. Microstructure, mechanical, and wear properties of complex shape inserts were studied and compared with the properties of inserts which were cut from the SPS-sintered cylinder by diamond disk. Both types of inserts exhibited similar properties, meanwhile, fabrication of complex-shaped sample is less expensive and time-consuming process due to the absence of diamond disk cutting operation.

The technologies of production of graphene nanoplatelets and nanocomposite materials (nano-, meso-porous carbon)/(graphene nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes) were developed. The nanocomposite materials obtained possess specific surface area as high as 2000–3000 m/g and more, and exceed the existing carbon materials by parameters of surface area, pore volume, and pore size. Supercapacitors based on the nanocomposite materials developed were made and tested.

Carbon fiber-reinforced polyurethane composites were received by means of technique, which includes modification of polyurethane–carbon fiber interface. The modification was done by carbon nanotube grafting onto a surface of the fiber. A sophisticated grafting technique allowed to avoid almost inevitable grafting-induced deterioration of the fiber properties. The technique implies the introduction of an intermediate protective aluminum oxide layer. The measurement of interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was used for estimation of polymer–fiber interface properties. It was shown that IFSS doubled due to nanotube grafting. The enhancement of both thermal conductivity and mechanical properties including delamination resistance was registered for composites with the modified interface, which allows to state that the resulting materials can be considered as novel flexible composites.

The conceptual model of X-ray source, consisting of the field-emission cathode and transmission-type thin film target, which is combined with X-ray transparent window, has been proposed. By means of numerical simulation methods, it was shown that the proposed design makes it possible to generate X-rays under the influence of an electron beam of the field-emission cathode. It is possible to get a small focal spot on the target and, therefore, a high resolution. The experimental sample of X-ray source was made and its measurement tests were conducted. The following results of the experimental studies of the sample of X-ray source were obtained: the power supply voltage is 37 kV, the power consumption is 2.77 W, the cathode current is 74.80 mA, the sample  dimensions are 65 × 22 mm, the focal spot size is 439 mm, and the cathode current is about 75.2 μA after exposure to high and low temperatures.

Powders of icosahedral AlCuFe and decagonal AlCuCr quasicrystalline intermetallics were synthesized by the mechanical alloying in combination with subsequent annealing. The conditions of mechanical alloying were purposely chosen to obtain the composite materials filled by dispersed (<3 μm) quasicrystalline particles. A number of silanes were tested for the surface treatment of quasicrystalline particles in order to provide the uniform distribution of quasicrystals over the polymer melt and chemical binding with the polymer matrix and the most efficient silane type was found. The composites based on ethylene-vinyl acetate EVA, polysulphone PSU, and polyphenylene sulfide PPS were produced by the filling with quasicrystalline powders. The study of rheological characteristics has shown that high fluidity of the melt is retained, while uniform distribution of quasicrystalline particles over the polymer is provided. The data of mechanical and physical properties are reported.

The problem of substantiating the aluminum matrix composition for obtaining the hardenable by heat-treatment boron–aluminum alloys in the form of ingots and sheet products. Alumanation materials alloyed by boron are promising radiation-resistant structural materials. Analysis of basic systems of the hardenable by heat-treatment aluminum alloys was carried out. With the use of the calculations (Thermo-Calc software) and experimental methods (including scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis), justified has been an unreasonableness of obtaining the boron–aluminum alloys based on magnesium-containing systems because of an active interaction of that element with boron. An experimental study has been focused on the boron–aluminum alloys based on Al–Zr–Sc (with magnesium, manganese and titanium additives) and Al–Cu systems. It was found that titanium introduction into the systems with zirconium and scandium does not assist in preventing their interaction with boron, which hampers the aluminum matrix hardening. The Al–Cu system meets the requirements best of all since copper doesn’t interact with boron and does not affect on composition of the boron-containing phases. It was determined that such system allows to obtain ingots and sheet products of aluminum boron-containing alloy possessing high mechanical properties. The maximum achievable hardness on ingots and sheet products amounts to ~130 HV, and the tensile strength (sheet) equals to 430 MPa.

Thermodynamic calculation of the equilibrium phase composition and evolution of the size and composition of carbide particles was carried out using Thermo-Calc and TC-Prisma 2.0 in order to identify the optimal modes of the final heat treatment for 15H2NMFA and 26HN3M2FA steels. The formation of structure and mechanical properties complex of the investigated steels was experimentally studied after tempering. The model describing the precipitation and growth of carbide particles was suggested based on the experimental results. This model will be used as part of the developed control complex of thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for the formation of micro grains and nano-sized hardening phases.

The work describes the complex approach for production of the biomaterial that is able for the accelerated osteosynthesis (i.e., rate of the implants engraftment into the bone tissue). The combined approach is based on bulk nanostructuring of titanium matrix and surface nanostructuring based on bioactive porous coating. This approach leads to enhancement of both mechanical and biomedical properties of implants. We created bioactive coating on nano-Ti substrates using modeling the oxide layer structure on nano and micro level. The developed bioactive surfaces with two-level surfaces allow to control surface relief both on micro and nano level with high precision (1 nm). These surfaces do not lead to the degradation of the mechanical properties of nanotitanium. Biomedical studies showed that the composite coating demonstrates high surface adhesion properties for the osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cell line. Along with adhesion, also initial differentiation of osteoblasts is observed. This indicates the ability of the surface to the accelerated osteosynthesis. The developed nano-Ti-based composite nanomaterial with bioactive nanocoating can be used for the production of the new generation implants for dentistry, reconstructive surgery and orthopedics.

The synthesis of titanium nitride, carbonitride, and carbide nanopowders from titanium tetrachloride vapor in the stream of hydrogen or hydrogen–nitrogen plasma, generated by an electroarc torch, in a confined-jet flow reactor has been experimentally studied. Single-phase nanopowders with a NaCl-type cubic crystal lattice as assemblies of preferably cube-shaped nanoparticles of a 20–150 nm size and aggregates based on them have been obtained in the experiments. By varying the synthesis parameters, it has been possible to prepare titanium nitride nanopowders with a specific surface area in the range of 11–39 m/g containing 18.8–22.5 wt% nitrogen, which corresponds to the empirical formula TiN0.79–TiN0.99. The titanium carbonitride nanopowders had a specific surface area of 13–23 m/g, carbon and nitrogen contents of 7.5–13.6 and 13.5–5.1 wt%, respectively. The titanium carbide nanopowders had a specific surface area of 14–45 m/g and carbon contents of 17–21 wt%. Most reached yield of main products was 94%.