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Allo-HSCT is associated with significant physical and psychological morbidity that may have a negative impact on patients’ and on their relatives’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (Majhail and Rizzo 2013).

Patients undergoing HSCT often receive polymedication which carries the potential to result in drug interactions.

With the progress of HSCT in the early 1960s, it became clear that nurses play a crucial role within the multidisciplinary team (MDT) caring for patients and their families undergoing this intense treatment.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy, and, like mathematics, moral philosophy does not give ready-made answers to questions but teaches how one could systematically analyse and resolve a problem.

Methodological advances in the HCT field have increased the population of survivors worldwide. However, HCT is associated with significant morbidity that impairs survivors’ recovery and adversely affects their QoL.

Fever during neutropenia is almost universal after a HSCT. In neutropenic HSCT recipients, clinicians are faced with a unique combination of two issues: (1) high incidence of bacterial bloodstream infections and (2) high mortality in case of infections due to Gram-negative bacteria unless effective antibiotic treatment is provided promptly.

Bloodstream infections (BSI) are the most frequent bacterial infections in HSCT patients; they occur in 5–10% of auto-HSCT and 20–50% of allo-HSCT patients, with higher rates before engraftment, and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality (Tomblyn et al. 2009; Girmenia et al. 2017; Weisser et al. 2017; Mikulska et al. 2018a). Microbiological documentation of skin and soft tissue infection, pneumonia, and typhlitis is frequently missing.

Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are frequent infectious complications of HSCT. The 12 m cumulative incidence approaches 8–10% in URD or mismatched allo-HSCT, 6% in MRD allo-HSCT, and less than 2% following auto-HSCT (Kontoyiannis et al. 2010). However, higher incidences (up to 17%) have been reported in haplo-identical HSCT and CBT.

CMV can cause symptoms from almost any organ as well as unspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, and bone marrow suppression in stem cell transplant patients. However, the most important clinical entities in allo-HSCT patients are pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and retinitis.

is a protozoan that commonly infects animals and birds. Primary infection in humans and other mammals is usually asymptomatic but leads to lifelong latent infection. Transmission to humans occurs by ingesting tissue cysts from undercooked meat or oocysts (released in the feces of cats). Latent cysts can give rise during immunosuppression to a severe localized reactivation producing, for example, toxoplasma encephalitis or chorioretinitis, with dissemination being common. (Martino et al. 2000; Martino et al. 2005; Tomblyn et al. 2009; Martino 2016).