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American Journal of Public Health

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Politics & Government-Public Health-Public Health

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Institución detectada Período Navegá Descargá Solicitá

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Tipo de recurso:

revistas

ISSN impreso

0090-0036

ISSN electrónico

1541-0048

País de edición

Estados Unidos

Fecha de publicación

Cobertura temática

Tabla de contenidos

Judicial Trends in the Era of COVID-19: Public Health in Peril

Lawrence O. Gostin

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 272-274

State Public Health Emergency Powers in Response to COVID-19

James G. Hodge; Lauren T. Dunning; Jennifer L. Piatt

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 275-279

Screening for and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States Before, During, and After Pregnancy, 2016–2019

Katy B. Kozhimannil; Valerie A. Lewis; Julia D. Interrante; Phoebe L. Chastain; Lindsay Admon

<jats:p> Objectives. To measure rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) screening during the perinatal period among people experiencing physical violence in the United States. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods. We used 2016–2019 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data (n = 158 338) to describe the incidence of physical IPV before or during pregnancy. We then assessed the prevalence of IPV screening before, during, or after pregnancy and predictors of receiving screening among those reporting violence. </jats:p><jats:p> Results. Among the 3.5% (n = 6259) of respondents experiencing violence, 58.7%, 26.9%, and 48.3% were not screened before, during, or after pregnancy, respectively. Those reporting Medicaid or no insurance at birth, American Indian/Alaska Native people, and Spanish-speaking Hispanic people faced increased risk of not having a health care visit during which screening might occur. Among those attending a health care visit, privately insured people, rural residents, and non-Hispanic White respondents faced increased risk of not being screened. </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Among birthing people reporting physical IPV, nearly half were not screened for IPV before or after pregnancy. Public health efforts to improve maternal health must address both access to care and universal screening for IPV. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):297–305. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307195 ) </jats:p>

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 297-305

Economic Empowerment, HIV Risk Behavior, and Mental Health Among School-Going Adolescent Girls in Uganda: Longitudinal Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial, 2017‒2022

Fred M. Ssewamala; Rachel Brathwaite; Torsten B. Neilands

<jats:p> Objectives. To investigate the long-term (12- and 24-month) impact of an economic empowerment intervention on HIV risk behaviors and mental health among school-going adolescent girls in Uganda. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods. A total of 1260 girls aged 14 to 17 years were randomized at the school level to (1) standard health and sex education (controls; n = 408 students; n = 16 schools), (2) 1-to-1 matched savings youth development account (YDA; n = 471 students; n = 16 schools), or (3) combination intervention (YDA and multiple family group [YDA+MFG]; n = 15 schools; n = 381 students). Mixed-effects models were fitted. </jats:p><jats:p> Results. YDA and YDA+MFG girls had significantly lower depressive symptoms and better self-concept than controls at 24 months. Only YDA+MFG girls had significantly lower hopelessness levels than controls. There were no significant study group differences at 12 and 24 months for sexual risk-taking behavior and attitudes. There was no significant difference between YDA and YDA+MFG groups for all outcomes. </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Providing YDA and MFG can positively improve adolescent girls’ mental health, but our analyses showed no significant differences across groups on sexual risk-taking behaviors. Future studies may consider replicating these interventions and analyses in older populations, including those transitioning into young adults. </jats:p><jats:p> Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03307226. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):306–315. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307169 ) </jats:p>

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 306-315

Use of Judicial Bypass of Mandatory Parental Consent to Access Abortion and Judicial Bypass Denials, Florida and Texas, 2018–2021

Amanda Jean Stevenson; Kate Coleman-Minahan

<jats:p> Objectives. To describe minors’ use of judicial bypass to access abortion and the percentage of bypass petitions denied in Florida and Texas. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods. Data were derived from official state statistics on judicial bypasses and abortions by age in Texas and Florida; abortions in Texas among minor nonresidents were estimated. In addition, judicial bypass petitions as a percentage of abortions received by minors and judicial bypass denials as a percentage of petitions were calculated. </jats:p><jats:p> Results. Between 2018 and 2021, minors received 5527 abortions in Florida and an estimated 5220 abortions in Texas. Use of judicial bypass was stable at 14% to 15% in Florida and declined from 14% to 10% in Texas. Among petitions for judicial bypass, denials increased in Florida from 6% to a maximum of 13% and remained stable in Texas at 5% to 7%. </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Minors’ use of judicial bypass in Texas and Florida is substantial. The percentage of denials is higher and increasing in Florida. </jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. Minors who need confidential abortion care may now be forced to seek judicial bypass far from home. Parental involvement laws in states that do not ban abortion will compound barriers to abortion care. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):316–319. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307173 ) </jats:p>

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 316-319

School-Based Interventions to Prevent Dating and Relationship Violence and Gender-Based Violence: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Caroline Farmer; Naomi Shaw; Andrew J. Rizzo; Noreen Orr; Annah Chollet; Ann Hagell; Emma Rigby; Honor Young; Vashti Berry; Chris Bonell; G. J. Melendez-Torres

<jats:p> Background. Schools are sites of dating and relationship violence (DRV) and of gender-based violence (GBV) victimization and perpetration. School-based interventions can reach a broad range of students, targeting both individual and group processes that may underpin DRV and GBV. Considering DRV and GBV jointly is important because of their shared etiologies. Comparing the effectiveness of interventions using network meta-analysis (NMA) can support decision-making on optimal resource use. </jats:p><jats:p> Objectives. To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of school-based interventions for children aged 5 to 18 years on DRV and GBV victimization, perpetration, and related mediators. </jats:p><jats:p> Search Methods. We searched 21 databases in July 2020 and June 2021, alongside extensive supplementary search methods, including gray literature searches, forward and backward citation chasing, and searches on first and last author names. </jats:p><jats:p> Selection Criteria. We included randomized-controlled trials of interventions for children of compulsory school age implemented within the school setting, and either partially or wholly aimed at changing DRV or GBV outcomes. </jats:p><jats:p> Data Collection and Analysis. Pairwise meta-analyses using random-effects robust variance estimation considered intervention effectiveness on DRV and GBV victimization and perpetration using odds ratios, and on mediators (e.g., knowledge and attitudes) using standardized mean differences. Effects were divided into short-term (&lt; 12 months postbaseline) and long-term (≥ 12 months postbaseline). NMAs on victimization and perpetration outcomes compared interventions categorized by breadth of mechanism and complexity of delivery and implementation. Meta-regression tested sensitivity to percentage of girls in the trial sample and country context. </jats:p><jats:p> Main Results. Our analysis included 68 trials. Evidence was stronger overall for effects on DRV than for GBV, with significant long-term impacts on DRV victimization (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68, 0.99) and DRV perpetration (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.94). Knowledge and attitudinal effects were predominantly short-term (e.g., for DRV-related violence acceptance, d = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.24). NMAs did not suggest the superiority of any intervention type; however, most analyses for GBV outcomes were inconsistent. A higher proportion of girls in the sample was associated with increased effectiveness on long-term victimization outcomes. </jats:p><jats:p> Author’s Conclusions. Evidence is stronger for DRV than for GBV, despite considerable heterogeneity. Certainty of findings was low or very low overall. </jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. Violence reductions may require more than 1 school year to become apparent. More extensive interventions may not be more effective. A possible reason for stronger effectiveness for DRV is that whereas GBV is ingrained in school cultures and practices, DRV is potentially more open to change via addressing individual knowledge and attitudes. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):320–330. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307153 ) </jats:p>

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 320-330

Dollar Stores and Food Access for Rural Households in the United States, 2008‒2020

Wenhui Feng; Elina T. Page; Sean B. Cash

<jats:p> Dollar stores have rapidly expanded their food offerings in recent years. These foods tend to be higher in calories and lower in nutrients, raising public health concerns, especially in rural and low-income areas where food-access challenges are often greatest. However, there is limited empirical evidence evaluating the impact of this expansion on household food purchases on a national scale. </jats:p><jats:p> Using data from a yearly, nationally representative panel of approximately 50 000 households, we estimated the share of food purchases from 2008 to 2020 by store type and evaluated the role of dollar stores as food retailers in the United States. </jats:p><jats:p> We found that dollar stores were the fastest-growing food retailers by household expenditure share (increasing by 89.7%), with rural growth outpacing growth elsewhere (increasing by 102.9%). Though dollar stores still represent a small share of national household food purchases (2.1% in 2020), they play an increasingly prominent role in food-at-home purchases for certain disadvantaged and rural communities. Understanding the quality of the foods they offer and how this may affect diet-related health outcomes is warranted. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(3):331–336. https://doi.org/10.2105/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307193 ) </jats:p>

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 331-336

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Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. 344-344

Wildfire Threat to Inpatient Health Care Facilities in California, 2022

Neil Singh Bedi; Caleb Dresser; Akash Yadav; Andrew Schroeder; Satchit Balsari

<jats:p> Objectives. To assess wildfire risks to California inpatient health care facilities in 2022. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods. Locations of inpatient facilities and associated inpatient bed capacities were mapped in relation to California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection fire threat zones (FTZs), which combine expected fire frequency with potential fire behavior. We computed the distances of each facility to the nearest high, very high, and extreme FTZs. </jats:p><jats:p> Results. Half (107 290 beds) of California’s total inpatient capacity is within 0.87 miles of a high FTZ and 95% (203 665 beds) is within 3.7 miles of a high FTZ. Half of the total inpatient capacity is within 3.3 miles of a very high FTZ and 15.5 miles of an extreme FTZ. </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusions. Wildfires threaten a large number of inpatient health care facilities in California. In many counties, all health care facilities may be at risk. </jats:p><jats:p> Public Health Implications. Wildfires in California are rapid-onset disasters with short preimpact phases. Policies should address facility-level preparedness including smoke mitigation, sheltering measures, evacuation procedures, and resource allocation. Regional evacuation needs, including access to emergency medical services and patient transportation, must also be considered. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print March 2, 2023:e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307236 ) </jats:p>

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. e1-e4

Translating Hannah Stone’s Patient-Centric Values to the Widest Possible Audience of Young People—In the Classroom as Well as the Clinic

Ellen S. More

Palabras clave: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health.

Pp. e1-e2