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Biological imaging at the cellular level, particularly in vivo, is a key enabling tool for understanding biological processes, disease diagnosis and drug development. Unfortunately, specimens under observation often introduce optical aberrations that degrade the imaging resolution, particularly when imaging deep into tissue. Adaptive optics counteracts these effects. This technology, originally developed and applied in astronomy, has been increasingly applied to ophthalmics and microscopy. This book introduces the key concepts and technologies behind adaptive optics. The wide diversity of imaging methods used in biological imaging requires multiple approaches to adaptive optics. Methods fall into two broad categories--those that use a direct measurement of the aberration and those that do not. Relative advantages of each are described. Application results are presented. Finally, current technology trends and promising future application areas are discussed.

Why does our universe consist purely of matter, even though the same amount of antimatter and matter should have been produced at the moment of the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago? One of the most potentially fruitful approaches to address the mystery is to study the properties of antihydrogen and antiprotons. Because they are both stable, we can in principle make measurement precision as high as we need to see differences between these antimatter systems and their matter counterparts, i.e. hydrogen and protons. This is the goal of cold antihydrogen research. To study a fundamental symmetry--charge, parity, and time reversal (CPT) symmetry--which should lead to identical spectra in hydrogen and antihydrogen, as well as the weak equivalence principle (WEP), cold antihydrogen research seeks any discrepancies between matter and antimatter, which might also offer clues to the missing antimatter mystery. Precision tests of CPT have already been carried out in other systems, but antihydrogen spectroscopy offers the hope of reaching even higher sensitivity to violations of CPT. Meanwhile, utilizing the Earth and antihydrogen atoms as an experimental system, the WEP predicts a gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter that is identical to that between any two matter objects. The WEP has been tested to very high precision for a range of material compositions, but no such precision test using antimatter has yet been carried out, offering hope of a telltale inconsistency between matter and antimatter. In this Discovery book, we invite you to visit the frontiers of cold antimatter research, focusing on new technologies to form beams of antihydrogen atoms and antihydrogen ions, and new ways of interrogating the properties of antimatter.