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Most artists earn very little. Nevertheless, there is no shortage of aspiring young artists. Do they give to the arts willingly or unknowingly? Governments and other institutions also give to the arts, to raise the low incomes. But their support is ineffective: subsidies only increase the artists' poverty. The economy of the arts is exceptional. Although the arts operate successfully in the marketplace, their natural affinity is with gift-giving, rather than with commercial exchange. People believe that artists are selflessly dedicated to art, that price does not reflect quality, and that the arts are free. But is it true? This unconventional multidisciplinary analysis explains the exceptional economy of the arts. Insightful illustrations from the practice of a visual artist support the analysis.

Why Programs Fail is about bugs in computer programs, how to find them, how to reproduce them, and how to fix them in such a way that they do not occur anymore. This is the first comprehensive book on systematic debugging and covers a wide range of tools and techniques ranging from hands-on observation to fully automated diagnoses, and includes instructions for building automated debuggers. This discussion is built upon a solid theory of how failures occur, rather than relying on seat-of-the-pants techniques, which are of little help with large software systems or to those learning to program. The author, Andreas Zeller, is well known in the programming community for creating the GNU Data Display Debugger (DDD), a tool that visualizes the data structures of a program while it is running.

* Winner of a 2006 Jolt Productivity Award for Technical Books
* Shows how to reproduce software failures faithfully, how to isolate what is important about the failure, and to discover what caused it
* Describes how to fix the program in the best possible way, and shows how to create your own automated debugging tools
* Includes exercises and extensive references for further study, and a companion website with source code for all examples and additional debugging resources

This volume is the last and final part of a trilogy on a detailed history of Vienna. It covers the period from 1790 until the present times. For the decisive forces as well as the inhabitants of the city this era of the urban development of Vienna has to be counted among the most dramatic periods characterised by a great number of real breaks in history. Napoleonic occupation, the revolution of 1848, the constitutional as well as the economic and social changes from the middle of the 19th century onwards, the final end of the position as "Reichshaupt- und Residenzstadt" (capital and residential city of the Austro-Hungarian empire) at the end of World War I, the challenging and complicated inter-war-period, Vienna's fate under Nazi-domination, the air raid of World War II and its end as well as the years after 1945 so far never described in such a comprehensive manner - all these events establish the chronological screen for the description and mark decisive incidents being treated here. In a chronological framework six authors arrange a pattern of Vienna's political, social, economic and cultural history. An innovative step is marked by the attempt to give a description of the ever so decisive periods like the "Fin-de-Siècle" and the complicated years after 1918 considering the intellectual mainstream and including men of letters and their works as contemporary witnesses and references. Vienna's development after 1945 - regarding the political history until the elections of 2001, the social and economic history in some aspects even furthermore - has not been treated in such a profound manner so far. This volume - as its predecessors - imparts the latest state of research to a wide public, supported by many illustrations and a large bibliography as well as a useful register of place names and persons.

The presented book, the amplified proceedings of the symposium "Das Wiener Klavier 1850", held at Neue Burg (Vienna) in 2003 combines as regards content recent organological and biographical research, answers questions concerning the original-instrument performance of the romantic period and focuses on technological features in the making of the Viennese pianoforte. In the 2nd half of the 18th century Vienna became the European centre of production of pianofortes whereas the typical Viennese pianoforte-sound, evolved from special technological and constructional parameters, acted as a stimulant on composers and interprets. Many instrument makers - some of them originally German - working and living in Vienna contributed to this uplifting evolution with their innovative work for the Austrian Court or simply as civic craftsmen. A quite impressive amount of material about their biographies and contracts was investigated and is an integral part of the publication. With the beginning of the 19th century firms in Paris and London were of utmost importance for the pianoforte industry. Broadwood and Erard for instance in an international terrain and started an early mass-production of instruments based on the English action. Beside these instruments the Viennese pianoforte with its German action could not easily compete with. The book contains the analysis of the manufacturing techniques of the Viennese pianoforte and of the company organisations respectively the corporate structures of the comparatively small businessmen in the Austrian region and the Hapsburg Crown lands particularly with regard to the interactions between the Viennese, German and Italian workshops. Moreover the variants in aesthetic design and development of the Viennese pianofortes until the time by 1850 are pointed out and results of recent dendrochronological research of instruments preserved by renowned collections are published in this book.

This engaging book explores how the need for electricity at the turn of the century affected and shaped Banff National Park. Today's conservationists and energy researchers will find much to think about in this tale of Alberta's early need for electricity, entrepreneurial greed, debates over aboriginal ownership of the river, moving park boundaries to accommodate hydro-electric initiatives, the importance of water for tourism, rural electrification, and the ultimate diversion to coal-produced electricity. It is also a lively national story, involving the irrepressible and impetuous Max Aitkin (later Lord Beaverbook), R.B. Bennett (local legal advisor and later prime minister), and a series of local politicians and bureaucrats whose contributions confuse and conflate issues along the way.