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Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales: Atmospheric Processes and Human Exposures Around the World

Nicola Pirrone ; Kathryn R. Mahaffey (eds.)

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Institución detectada Año de publicación Navegá Descargá Solicitá
No detectada 2005 SpringerLink

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Tipo de recurso:

libros

ISBN impreso

978-0-387-24493-8

ISBN electrónico

978-0-387-24494-5

Editor responsable

Springer Nature

País de edición

Reino Unido

Fecha de publicación

Información sobre derechos de publicación

© Springer Science+Business Media Inc. 2005

Tabla de contenidos

Where We Stand on Mercury Pollution and its Health Effects on Regional and Global Scales

Nicola Pirrone; Kathryn R. Mahaffey

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Pp. 1-21

Global Mercury Production, Use and Trade

Peter A. Maxson

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-I - International and Regional Perspectives | Pp. 25-50

Mercury Emissions from Anthropogenic Sources: Estimates and Measurements for Europe

Jozef M. Pacyna; John Munthe; Kari Larjava; Elisabeth G. Pacyna

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-I - International and Regional Perspectives | Pp. 51-64

Legislation and Policy Concerning Mercury in the European Union

Neil Emmott; Martin Slayne

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-I - International and Regional Perspectives | Pp. 65-80

The DG Research Perspective-Research on Hg Supported by the European Commission

Hartmut Barth

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-I - International and Regional Perspectives | Pp. 81-89

Perspective on Mercury: Progress Through Cooperation

Marilyn Engle

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-I - International and Regional Perspectives | Pp. 91-120

The Monitoring and Modelling of Hg Species in Support of Local, Regional and Global Modelling

Matthew S. Landis; Mary M. Lynam; Robert K. Stevens

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-II - Monitoring and Analytical Methods | Pp. 123-151

Determination of Mercury and its Compounds in Water, Sediment, Soil and Biological Samples

Milena Horvat

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-II - Monitoring and Analytical Methods | Pp. 153-190

Environmental Chamber Studies of Mercury Reactions in the Atmosphere

Ann L. Sumner; Chester W. Spicer; Jan Satola; Raj Mangaraj; Kenneth A. Cowen; Matthew S. Landis; Robert K. Stevens; Thomas D. Atkeson

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-III - Chemical and Physical Processes | Pp. 193-212

Air-sea Exchange and Marine Boundary Layer Atmospheric Transformation of Hg and their Importance in the Global Mercury Cycle

Robert P. Mason

The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical cycles and describes the movement of carbon, in its many forms, within the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere. The global carbon cycle involves the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, vegetation and soils of the terrestrial ecosystem and fossil fuels. Carbon in the form of inorganic and organic compounds, notably carbon dioxide (CO ), is cycled between different components of a system. For example, green plants absorb CO from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, also called primary production, and release CO back into the atmosphere during respiration. Another channel of exchange of CO is between the oceans and the atmosphere: CO dissolved in the oceans is used by marine biota in photosynthesis.

Two important anthropogenic processes that contribute CO to the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. Fossil fuels, namely coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt in industries, power plants and automobiles. Land use is a broad term, which encompasses a host of essentially human-induced activities including conversion of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands to managed systems such as cropland, grazing land and settlements. Land conversion and other human activities such as extraction and burning of biomass and livestock grazing lead to soil degradation and emission of carbon contained in biomass and in soil to the atmosphere: CO emissions from the biosphere to the atmosphere result mainly from burning and decomposition of organic matter.

Part-III - Chemical and Physical Processes | Pp. 213-239