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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Submarine geohazards significantly threaten human economic activities and essential infrastructure. Based on multi‐beam data and high‐resolution 2D seismic data, two types of submarine geohazards are identified: direct and indirect geohazards on the northwestern continental slope and the Xisha Uplift of the South China Sea (SCS). Direct geohazards include submarine landslides and active faults, while indirect geohazards include buried channels, submarine canyons, pockmarks, volcanoes and magma diapirs. This study comprehensively analyzes geomorphological features, including their characteristics, genesis and distribution. Statistical analysis reveals that the gradient of the Xisha Uplift slope is steeper than the shelf break, making it a more unstable region. However, assessing disaster potential indicates that submarine geohazards at the shelf break pose a greater threat than those at the Xisha Uplift. Many factors, including tectonic activity, sediment supply and relative sea‐level changes, influence submarine geohazards' formation. These hazards do not occur in isolation but often interact with one another. The research results provide a scientific basis for predicting deep‐sea geohazards near the northern continental margin and Xisha Island in the SCS.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Pore‐throat structure is a key factor that influences the storage and fluid flow capacity of tight sandstone reservoirs. Taking the tight sandstone reservoir of Xu2 Fm in Zhongba area as an example, the reservoir quality, pore‐throat type and pore size distribution of tight sandstone in the study area were described by casting thin section, scanning electron microscope and high‐pressure mercury injection test. In order to quantitatively characterize the complexity and heterogeneity of pore‐throat structure, fractal analysis was performed using mercury saturation and pore size data. This study mainly reveals the relationship between the geometric shape characteristics and fractal dimension of the binary pore structure of ultra‐low permeability tight sandstone and clarifies the influence of different scale pore throats on reservoir physical properties. The results indicate that the physical properties of the reservoir in the study area are poor, the pores are mainly intergranular pores and dissolution pores, the throat is flake and necked and the pore size distribution range is large. The fractal curve obtained by the mercury saturation method shows a significant turning point, and the pore‐throat system is divided into two types: small‐scale and large‐scale. The fractal dimension of large‐scale pore throat is greater than the three‐dimensional Euclidean space dimension, which does not conform to the fractal theory. The fractal dimension of small‐scale pore throat is closely related to the pore‐throat structure and has obvious fractal characteristics. The geometric shape of binary pore‐throat structure in tight sandstone is the main factor affecting the difference of fractal dimension. The development of small pores in sandstone is positively correlated with the total porosity, but its contribution to permeability is relatively low. The physical properties of tight sandstone are mainly controlled by the development degree of large‐scale pore throat.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Fluid diapirs are widespread in the northern South China Sea (SCS), are significant indicators of the existence and distribution of hydrocarbons and natural gas hydrates and are of great petroleum geological significance. Based on high‐precision 3D seismic and drilling data, this paper analyses the tectonic features and genetic mechanism of a fluid diapir zone in the northern SCS and a development model of fluid diapirs is proposed herein. Studies have revealed that the northern SCS large‐scale fluid diapir zone is located within a concealed structural transition zone, which is consistent with the spatial distribution location and direction of a concealed structural transition zone and that the formation of a fluid diapir zone is strongly influenced by the structural transition zone. Fluid diapirs are large continuously spreading bright reflection zones in shallow surface layers and are downwards converging high‐variance ribbons in middle and shallow layers, all of which are spreading in a NW–NNW orientation on the plane. The profile shows a conical or mushroom‐shaped shape that converges from shallow to deep, with a height of approximately 7 km and is characterized by a compound gas chimney fuzzy zone. The main body of the concealed structural transition zone is a slope structure and is flanked by large‐scale NW–NNW‐oriented fault systems. Minor en echelon spreading NW–NNW‐oriented faults and fractures are developed within the structural transition zone and are soft linkages that match well with the distribution direction and location of the fluid diapirs. On the profile, the overall display is a composite flower‐like structure dispersed from deep to shallow, which belongs to a large strike‐slip fault zone with a tectonic transformation effect. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the formation and development of the structural transition zone are mainly controlled by pre‐existing structures in the basement and that minor faults, fractures and slope zones within the structural transition zone serve as dominant pathways for the migration of deep overpressure fluids and gas hydrates. Consequently, the concealed structural transition zone provides favourable conditions for fluid diapirs to develop. Moreover, the stratigraphic overpressure systems mainly caused by gas generation provided the main driving force for the formation of fluid diapirs. Obviously, the development location, distribution direction, formation and evolution of the northern SCS fluid diapirs are jointly controlled by internal minor faults and fractures of the Eocene‐Miocene structural transition zone and the overpressure of the rifting period after the Pliocene. The main development period of the northern SCS large‐scale fluid diapirs was the second phase of the Dongsha Movement. During the exploration of gas hydrates and hydrocarbons in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, it is essential to consider the mutually restricting relationships between fluid diapir structures and gas hydrates and hydrocarbons.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The Wayand‐Nilambur granulite terrain in Kerala (India) is well‐known for vein‐type gold mineralization within the quartz veins. Based on the previous geological, petro‐physical and geophysical characteristics of Wayand‐Nilambur gold deposit, the integrated geophysical survey was carried out to delineate the favourable prospecting zones. In the present study, detailed ground geophysical surveys, that is, magnetic, electrical resistivity/chargeability surveys were carried out in an area of 2 km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> in Kattikallu and Kalkulam blocks to delineate the ore deposits in terms of depths and extensions through the structural shear zone, locate the anomalous sources and the geometry of the Au‐rich sulphide zone and its depth continuity in the subsurface. These surveys brought out prominent resistivity and chargeability zones over known magnetite‐quartz veins that are associated with low‐grade sulphide bands at the central part of the Kattikallu block. The prominent potential zone is characterized by strong bipolar magnetic anomalies over the quartz veins. Based on the 2D inversion of resistivity data, the resistivity low zone of order 80–600 Ω m and chargeability of 21–25 mV/V are observed at a depth range of 5–20 m. In Kalkulam block, the magnetic survey has also brought out high intensity anomaly zones over quartz veins, the same quartz veins are mapped by high chargeability of 10–35 mV/V and low resistivity of 185–400 Ω m. The dipole‐dipole configuration produces two parameters, that is, resistivity and chargeability, these methods distinguish the anomalies along the two selected profiles in the study area. An attempt was made for combining the resistivity and chargeability values to identify the anomalous zone boundaries. The results of inversion indicated that the conductive bodies are located at the subsurface, with depths ranging from 5 to 25 m. Based on this integrated geophysical study, we suggested two borehole sites for further geo‐scientific studies in view of mineralization.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Environmental sustainability is essential to the country's financial position and economic growth. Geopolitical situations and green activities significantly contribute to enhancing sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of green finance, investment in renewable energy sources and geopolitical risk on the environmental sustainability of the Middle East and North America (MENA) region over the period 2000–2021. When using a cross‐sectional dependence autoregressive distributed lag model (CS‐ARDL), it is discovered that a rise in geopolitical risk will decrease environmental performance in the form of carbon dioxide emission. At the same time, the other factors (green finance and investment in renewable energy) have a positive relationship with sustainability. This observation can be ascribed to the association between increased geopolitical risk and the inclination of crude oil consumers, who are most affected by such risk, to contemplate renewable energy as an alternative to conventional energy sources. This finding could also be attributed to the fact that clean energy is becoming more affordable. In addition, the augmented mean group model findings provide more evidence that a negative linkage is found between geopolitical risk and environmental sustainability. The findings have repercussions for regulators as well as investors who are active in the renewable energy markets.</jats:p>

<jats:p>In the Dom Feliciano Belt, Brazil, the Pinheiro Machado Complex (PMC) includes diorites, tonalites, granodiorites, syenogranites and granites, whose evolution is related to several magmatic pulses and complex petrogenetic processes. Two magmatic stages were identified (early and late), resulting in different rock subgroups. The geochemical data showed that the early magmatism was chemically affected by partial melting. Geochemical modelling results suggest that fractional crystallization processes with assimilation of around 40% from the crustal basement and the decoupling of assimilated magma are crucial for the PMC rocks' genesis. Geochemical data also show that during the early magmatism, the subsequent process of early diorite anatexis developed by heating and continuous activity of the underlying magma chamber possibly occurred at a melting rate of 5%–10%. The hybrid rocks have contributions from the mixing process related to early terms, showing geochemical correlations in the major element curves, for the early diorite and syenogranitic melt members, at 60%–50% and 50%–40%, respectively. Slab failure tectonic context is related to the multi‐intrusive events dynamics recorded in the studied rocks. Recharge and melting events of the recently formed crust due to the constant heating of new pulses of deep slab melting would explain the magmatic interactions observed in the Complex. The results demonstrate that the studied rocks crystallized in an open system, including mixing processes to form hybrid rocks, physical disaggregation and assimilation of early intrusions, truncation, dragging and erosion of early mushes by younger pulses.</jats:p>

<jats:p>This contribution reports two graptolite assemblages from the Puna Turbidite Complex, outcropping in Sierra de Lina and Cauchari locality, western Puna, Jujuy and Salta provinces, Argentina. In Sierra de Lina, the graptolite assemblage comprises <jats:italic>Didymograptus</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Glossograptus fimbriatus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cryptograptus schaeferi</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Archiclimacograptus</jats:italic> sp., <jats:italic>Pseudamplexograptus distichus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudamplexograptus latus</jats:italic>, ?<jats:italic>Urbanekograptus retioloides</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Hustedograptus</jats:italic> sp. The graptolite fauna collected from Cauchari locality includes <jats:italic>Didymograptus</jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Archiclimacograptus caelatus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Archiclimacograptus</jats:italic> sp. cf. <jats:italic>A</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>micidus</jats:italic>, scarce and incomplete specimens doubtfully referred to the genera <jats:italic>Archiclimacograptus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Acrograptus</jats:italic> and scarce siculae of <jats:italic>Cryptograptus</jats:italic> sp. The associations allow us to identify the <jats:italic>Pseudamplexograptus distichus</jats:italic> Zone in Sierra de Lina and possibly the <jats:italic>Pterograptus elegans</jats:italic> Zone at Cauchari locality. Graptolite assemblages recorded in both zones allow assigning a middle‐late Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) age for the bearer levels.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The Lower Cretaceous Dabeigou Formation (135–130 Ma) in the Luanping Basin, associated with its contemporary strata in northeastern China, contains the earliest documented fossils of the Jehol Biota. This includes the <jats:italic>Luanpingella—Eoparacypris—Ocrocypris</jats:italic> ostracod assemblage, referred to in this study as the Dabeigou‐type ostracod fauna (DOF). Ostracods, which are small (0.5–2 mm) aquatic crustaceans, are abundant and easily preserved as fossils. Outlining a clear palaeobiogeographic range of the DOF can help expand the distribution range of the early Jehol Biota, providing valuable information on its origin. Results show that the DOF is mainly distributed in a series of rift basins along the Yanliao area of China to the eastern Transbaikal region of Russia, with a roughly narrow north‐south distribution. Rift basin development in the eastern part of the North China Craton, combined with humid climatic conditions, provided a suitable environment (e.g., fluvial‐lacustrine systems) for the emergence of the Jehol Biota.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The crystal‐poor rhyolitic pumice is the product of extreme magma differentiation and is characterized by highly vesicular, honeycomb‐like structure. However, little is known about the evolutionary history and the time of volatile saturation of the pumice‐forming melt. A crystal‐poor rhyolitic pumice (TVG7‐1) has been collected from the Yoron Hole hydrothermal field in the middle Okinawa Trough, a young continental margin back‐arc basin in the western Pacific. This study conducted a detailed analysis on the texture and in situ chemical composition of plagioclase, orthopyroxene and Fe‐Ti oxides to reveal the evolution process, storage state and eruption triggers of eruptible silicic melt. Texture and zoning of specific minerals and mineral populations suggest a magmatic evolution history of open system. Additionally, the hollow reentrant texture, as well as results from plagioclase‐liquid hygrometers, confirm a water‐rich melt pocket. The exsolution of volatiles (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O, etc.), in this melt pocket, will contribute to local oxidation conditions, which may have been recorded by the concordant behaviour of FeO and An in plagioclase. Then, the overpressure caused by volatile exsolution would destabilize the magma chamber, which will eventually be broken by magma mixing/recharge, and lead to violent melt evacuation. Consequently, crystal size distribution (CSD) provides a new perspective on understanding the kinetic effect of magma mixing/recharge in the Okinawa Trough, especially on the mineral populations. Our study reveals the petrogenesis of crystal‐poor rhyolite within the framework of the mush model, refines the magma evolution history and demonstrates that pumice magma reaches volatile saturation before the eruption.</jats:p>