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<jats:p>Modern competitive activity in volleyball makes high demands on the fitness of athletes, where the leading role belongs to technical-tactical and special physical. Control and interconnection of technical-tactical and special physical fitness will ensure to provide the effectiveness of the training system for qualified female volleyball players. The aim of the research is to analyze the manifestation of special physical qualities of qualified female volleyball players of various playing roles and their interconnection with the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions. The study has involved 48 qualified volleyball players (including 6 masters of sports of Ukraine, 20 candidates for masters of sports of Ukraine, 22 female athletes of the first sports category). Close correlations were obtained between the absolute and relative indicators of the use of technical and tactical actions with the special preparedness of qualified female volleyball players: for binders - the results of the test of flexion and extension of the arms in the lying position closely correlates (r = 0.78 and 0.84) with the efficiency of the serve; for players of the second temp of attack rate - the results of the shuttle run test (9-3-3-9 m) closely correlate (from r = 0.77 to 0.88) with the serve; for the players of the first temp of attack rate, the performance of the test of raising the trunk in the prone position closely correlates (r = 0.70 and 0.78) with the effectiveness of the ball pass; libero - the highest correlational connections (r = 0.92 and 0.96) are observed when performing the shuttle run test (9-3-3-9 m) and the effectiveness of protective actions. On the basis of the obtained significant correlation coefficients, linear regression models of the relationship between the effectiveness of the application of technical and tactical actions and the results of pedagogical testing were constructed.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Background Although population aging is a natural process, it poses many social, economic, and health challenges. It is important for older adults to maintain adequate functional fitness for as long as possible to live independently and autonomously. Presenting reference values of functional fitness on a continuous basis (rather than in 5-year periods as it is the case in the standards for SFT) is a better approach. It provides more insights into changes that occur in functional fitness. The aim of the study was to develop reference curves for fitness tests constituting the Senior Fitness Test for Polish women over 60 years of age who move independently. Methods The study examined 833 women aged over 60 years (m ± SD; 67.42 ± 6.88). The Senior Fitness Test, consisting of 6 fitness tests, was used to evaluate functional fitness. The entire set of data was sorted by the age of participants, numbered, and assorted into overlapping sets. Finally, 17 sets were obtained. The equations for means and standard deviations vs. age were computed for all sets of variables. Results Based on the results of the fitness tests and using appropriate equations, 6 percentile grids were developed for women over 60 years of age. Conclusion The percentile grids developed for individual SFT tests may be an important tool for assessing individual functional fitness in the population of Polish women over 60 years of age. The use of the percentile girds allows for changes in fitness levels over the years to be conveniently illustrated.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Success in sports depends on several factors. One of those factors is a psychological and physical advantage, or in other words psycho-physical maturity. Relative age effect (RAE) is one of the phenomenons which can give advantages or disadvantages in sports competitions. Because of this particular effect, many children and young people experience unfair competition conditions. The goal of this study was to detect the difference in RAE existence between genders in sports by analyzing research about RAE in sports, published between 2017 and 2021. Accordingly, scientific databases „Google Scholar", „Web of Science" and „Research Gate" were used for extraction of adequate scientific papers (n=16). Analyzed papers cover a total of 25 sports (14 individual and 11 team sports). Results of this research suggest the greatest impact of RAE among young males (&lt;18 years old), RAE occurs in 81,81% of analyzed samples. The male sample is also affected by RAE, with 85,71% of occurrence among the overall male sample, and 42,86% among the sample composed of males only. There is no significant tendency among females only, while RAE occurs among half of the female samples. The majority of RAE-positive female samples belong to individual sports while the majority of male samples belong to absolute bodyweight sports. No significant differences were found between sports and among the sample of Olympic games competitors. Also, it can be stated that RAE depends on many factors and effects, which can be controlled to a greater extent. Future research should focus on the analysis of the existence of RAE between sports, especially boundaries between groups of sports and among Olympic competitors.</jats:p>