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Risk for the onset of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) peaks during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood, highlighting the public health significance of alcohol use by adolescents. This chapter summarizes recent research on the diagnosis, course, and assessment of adolescent AUDs. This review focuses on developmental considerations in assessment of AUD criteria, the prevalence of DSM-IV AUDs among adolescents, typical alcohol symptom profiles in youth, and limitations of DSM-IV AUD criteria when applied to adolescents. In addition, studies of AUD course in adolescents, as well as factors influencing the course of AUDs are summarized. The chapter also provides an overview of brief alcohol screening instruments and other measures used in more comprehensive assessment of AUDs in adolescents.

This chapter takes a normative developmental perspective on the etiology of alcohol use, focusing on the initiation and course of alcohol use (rather than alcohol use disorders) during adolescence and early adulthood. We review evidence regarding the sequelae and meaning of the age of initiation of alcohol use, consider variable-and pattern-centered approaches to modeling trajectories describing the course of alcohol use across adolescence and young adulthood, and offer developmental conceptualizations of risk and protective factors for alcohol use and related problems.

Experimentation with alcohol and other drugs (AOD) is commonplace among American adolescents. Despite reduction efforts, the use of AOD by adolescents has increased over the past decade. A number of youth experience significant negative personal, societal, economic, and health ramifications, but continue to abuse AOD and develop substance use disorders (SUD). Accurate assessment of adolescent AOD use is essential in determining the prevalence of SUDs, the development of effective interventions, and the implementation of beneficial prevention initiatives. Developmental considerations are significant factors in the validity of youth AOD assessment and are detailed in this chapter.

Research on the prevention of alcohol abuse in America has only recently begun to consider the needs of special populations. This chapter will consider alcohol prevention as a function of four major special population divisions: gender, ethnicity, region (population density), and socioeconomic status. Specific ethnic groups examined will include Hispanics, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Native Americans. In general, there is some support for the utility of current alcohol prevention approaches on special populations. Much population-specific work completed to date has not been rigorously designed or evaluated, though it appears likely that partnering with population gatekeepers and showing cultural respect and sensitivity to the population, and providing material that is relevant to the population's adaptation to their environment are essential.

Risk for the onset of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) peaks during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood, highlighting the public health significance of alcohol use by adolescents. This chapter summarizes recent research on the diagnosis, course, and assessment of adolescent AUDs. This review focuses on developmental considerations in assessment of AUD criteria, the prevalence of DSM-IV AUDs among adolescents, typical alcohol symptom profiles in youth, and limitations of DSM-IV AUD criteria when applied to adolescents. In addition, studies of AUD course in adolescents, as well as factors influencing the course of AUDs are summarized. The chapter also provides an overview of brief alcohol screening instruments and other measures used in more comprehensive assessment of AUDs in adolescents.

This chapter reviews findings, mainly obtained from the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) line of rats, on (a) the development of alcohol drinking during the peri-adolescent period, (b) neurobiological factors that may contribute to adolescent drinking, (c) interventions to prevent alcohol drinking during adolescence, and (d) some long-lasting consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking. The findings indicate that P rats readily initiate alcohol drinking during the early post-weaning, adolescent and peri-adolescent periods of development. The early age-of-onset of alcohol drinking in the P compared to the NP line is associated with (a) higher densities of serotonin-lA (5-HT1IA) receptors in cerebral cortical and hippocampal regions; (b) lower densities of dopamine (DA) D2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA); (c) higher functional activity in several limbic, cortical and hippocampal regions; and (d) sensitivity to the low-dose stimulating effect of ethanol. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training during adolescence produces long-term effects on preventing high alcohol drinking behavior of P rats. Alcohol drinking during peri-adolescence by P rats produces long-lasting effects that increase the acquisition of ethanol self-administration in adulthood, and, in addition, increase craving-like behavior and the potential for alcohol relapse. With suitable animal models, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol drinking and its long-range consequences can be attained.

Research conducted in laboratory animals has shown adolescents to be less sensitive to numerous ethanol effects that may serve as cues to limit intake, including effects evident during intoxication (e.g., ethanol-induced motor impairment, anxiolysis, social impairment, and sedation), as well as during the post-intoxication period (e.g., "hangover"-associated anxiogenesis). Conversely, adolescents are more sensitive than adults to a few ethanol effects, including ethanol-induced social facilitation and impairments in hippocampal long-term-potentiation. These age-specific ethanol sensitivities are not simply related to developmental differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics. Instead, they appear related in part to an ontogenetic decline in expression of within session (acute) tolerance and to differential rates of development of neural systems underlying different actions of ethanol. Relatively high levels of ethanol intake often seen in adolescent rodents and their human counterparts may be related not only to an attenuated sensitivity of adolescents to negative cues that normally serve to limit drinking, but also their greater sensitivity to both the facilitation of social behavior by ethanol and the stimulation of ethanol intake by social experiences. Although data are sparse, studies in laboratory animals hint that under some circumstances chronic adolescent exposure to ethanol may influence ongoing neural maturation and later neural, cognitive, and behavioral functioning, including later sensitivity to and propensity to use ethanol. Recommendations for further research are discussed.

Experimentation with alcohol and other drugs (AOD) is commonplace among American adolescents. Despite reduction efforts, the use of AOD by adolescents has increased over the past decade. A number of youth experience significant negative personal, societal, economic, and health ramifications, but continue to abuse AOD and develop substance use disorders (SUD). Accurate assessment of adolescent AOD use is essential in determining the prevalence of SUDs, the development of effective interventions, and the implementation of beneficial prevention initiatives. Developmental considerations are significant factors in the validity of youth AOD assessment and are detailed in this chapter.

This chapter takes a normative developmental perspective on the etiology of alcohol use, focusing on the initiation and course of alcohol use (rather than alcohol use disorders) during adolescence and early adulthood. We review evidence regarding the sequelae and meaning of the age of initiation of alcohol use, consider variable-and pattern-centered approaches to modeling trajectories describing the course of alcohol use across adolescence and young adulthood, and offer developmental conceptualizations of risk and protective factors for alcohol use and related problems.

Experimentation with alcohol and other drugs (AOD) is commonplace among American adolescents. Despite reduction efforts, the use of AOD by adolescents has increased over the past decade. A number of youth experience significant negative personal, societal, economic, and health ramifications, but continue to abuse AOD and develop substance use disorders (SUD). Accurate assessment of adolescent AOD use is essential in determining the prevalence of SUDs, the development of effective interventions, and the implementation of beneficial prevention initiatives. Developmental considerations are significant factors in the validity of youth AOD assessment and are detailed in this chapter.