Catálogo de publicaciones - libros

The present radiation situation in Ukraine officially refers as difficult. Radiation safety includes a component which is formed by military activity. This component is very important. Special attention to this radiation safety component is necessary because of significant specificity of military activity. In the article separate problems of radiating safety on military objects are considered. Also ways of the decision of problems to Armed Forces of Ukraine are discussed in the article.

The effect of the landscape indication permits a reliable inter-component cross-identification within the landscape. Thus, the landscape approach to the evaluation the criticality indexes can be used for the radioecological evaluations, even if the environmental characteristics of the territory affected are limited or non-reliable. The approach seems to be useful also in the general ecotoxicology, as the behaviour characteristics of any pollutant of interest can be easily adopted.

Knowledge about natural laws of substance migration in the environment, expedition and experimental data of landscape structure and landscape-geochemical peculiarities of the territory make it possible to forecast the conditions of Cs and Sr migration in ecosystems. Our investigation corroborated once more the sensibility of using a landscape base for these prognoses.

The main landscape and landscape-geochemical characteristics, which have to be taken into consideration, are: landforms, soil texture, washing out of soils, soil gleying, quantity of organic matter, regime of humidity of ecosystems, actual vegetation, edaphical conditions.

The maps “Carrying out, transport and accumulation of Sr and Cs” show ecosystems with a different transfer conditions, including areas of active water- and biogenic accumulation of the contaminants. These potential zones of contamination were recommended to be included into a radioecology monitoring net of the NPP 30-km zones.

The results of this investigation can be used for the estimation of migration conditions of radionuclides, other technical pollutants and their complexes as well.

It is proposed the method of estimation of risk due to combined radiation and chemical food contamination.

This method is the synthesis of “Maximum Permissible Concentration” (MPC) methodology of the Former USSR and methodology of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The pseudo-slope-factors are introduced in this method. They are calculated on the base of approximation of threshold criteria (MPC) by nonthreshold criteria.

This method was used for analysis of situation in 10 regions of Ukraine. In particular, it is shown that chemical risk may exceed radiation risk. The some results of this analysis are illustrated by examples for Kievska and Volinska regions.

On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies a method of assessment and prognosis of the radionuclides migration soils has been created.

Experimental methods for the determination of transfer characteristics and their assessment, and also the methods for prediction of radionuclide migration in frozen grounds should provide a clear distinction between driving forces and fluxes of the convection and diffusion transfer.

The proposed mathematical models are phenomenological and the transfer coefficients involved in these models are recommended to be determined experimentally.

The methods were developed for investigation of diffusion and convection transfer characteristics of radionuclides in thawing and frozen grounds with the allowance for the sorption by solid phase of the soils. On the basis of the experimental data obtained the information constraints for the mathematical models of the radionuclides migration in soils have been set. On the basis of researches in the field, lab test and mathematical modelling the impact of physical-chemical factors and the soil component composition changes upon the radionuclides Cs1, Sr migration and sorption in natural dispersed systems (peat, sand, bentonite, kaolin, sapropel has been investigated.

The impact of electrolytes, including compounds of Cs and Sr stable isotopes upon the radionuclides behaviour in peat soils has been made known, allowing controlling their mobility.

The forecast assessments of radionuclides migration in the peat soil (the peat deposit Pogonyanskoye, the Polessye radiation-ecology reserve) under the natural and anthropogenic factors impact had been carried out.

Soil and well water contaminated with actinides, such as uranium and plutonium, are an environmental concern at most U.S. Department of Energy sites, as well as other locations in the world. Remediation actions are on going at many sites, and plans for cleanup are underway at other locations. This paper will review work underway at Clemson University in the area of characterization and treatment of soil and water contaminated with actinide elements.

The present radiation situation in Ukraine officially refers as difficult. Radiation safety includes a component which is formed by military activity. This component is very important. Special attention to this radiation safety component is necessary because of significant specificity of military activity. In the article separate problems of radiating safety on military objects are considered. Also ways of the decision of problems to Armed Forces of Ukraine are discussed in the article.

In summary, constant inhabiting of rodents at the SMZ of the Sergievo-Posadsky radioactive waste disposal site induces some genetic effects. However, these changes are not typical only for ionizing factors. Pathological-morphological changes in internal organs, muscle and osteal tissues were not noticed. Statistical significant changes in the haematological parameters and clinical status of animals were not detected. The data on the myeloperoxidase activity in blood neutrophiles and the sensitivity of spleen lymphocytes to hydrogen peroxide prove a development of some adaptive processes in bank voles from the SMZ of the Sergievo-Posadsky radioactive waste disposal site.

The results of the water toxicity measurements by using the proposed method demonstrate that it can be helpful for both the study of photosynthesis and respiration of aquatic plants in general, and for water toxicity measurements as well.

Further researches must be directed for revealing the most sensitive species of plants to a chemical stress (to use them as test organisms), and for studying effects of individual and simultaneous actions of different chemical substances on physiological functions of hydrophytes.