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The landscape based GIS is an effective tool for the structuration and classification of the ecosystems, for the field experimental data collection, analysis and extrapolation, as well as the ecotoxicological parameterisation of the ecosystems and solution the regional and local ecotoxicological problems.

The software complex, considered in this work, sets up the mathematical model of radionuclides migration using formal description of the forest ecosystem. The proposed approach to the modelling process allows to automate research of radionuclides migration in the boreal forests and to transfer easily the modelling procedure to other forest ecosystems. The phase of setting up the model is reduced for a user to the defining of relations between compartments of the ecosystem. Conversion of mathematical language constructs into domain-specific ones thus and so brings modelling closer to the ecologists.

Trends of radioactivity in the compartments, taken from simulation runs of the mathematical model of radionuclides migration in the boreal ecosystems, are corresponding to the radiomonitoring data and are able to provide prognosis for radionuclides redistribution in the ecosystem. Effective management of forest resources can be reached by means of interpreting the results of the model analysis.

Stable and radioactive isotopes are extensively used as tracers of numerous processes in the planetary and terrestrial environment. The relative abundances of isotopic species measured by their ratios provide indications of the origin of various materials and differences in the abundance ratios that develop in different processes make it possible to identify the mechanisms behind a variety of phenomena in extraterrestrial space, within the solid Earth, on its surface, and in the biosphere. The improvements in the sensitivity and precision of mass spectrometers used for the determination of isotope abundances are continually expanding the number of isotopes that can be identified in natural materials aswell as the understanding of the mechanisms that drivemany parts of the Earth’s system. The involvement of carbon dioxide in many geochemical inorganic as well as biogeochemical processes focused long ago attention on the behavior of the different isotopic species of CO and made possible many new interpretations of processes in the atmosphere, on land, in the oceanic and continental waters, and within the biosphere. The goal of this Chapter is to review the essentials of the isotope geochemistry of carbon dioxide and the mechanisms of its isotopic fractionation, and to discuss the broader aspects of the global carbon cycle that are based on the carbonisotope geochemistry.

Thus, the results presented in this work demonstrate that a continuous action of low dose-rate gamma-radiation induces an increase in the SSB level in spleen lymphocytes of mice and simultaneously leads to an activation of the antioxidant defence systems of these cells. This effect can be due to the development of adaptation processes with the accumulation of a certain dose. At the same time, the results of estimation of the ASH frequency cause some anxiety and necessitate studies of the influence of continuous low dose-rate irradiation on the succeeding generations of animals.

The radiation monitoring of forest ecosystems as the constituent of general forest monitoring and state monitoring of an environment as a whole, is at the same time a constituent of a system of information support of forestry as a branch of industry. For achievement of goals of radioecological monitoring it is necessary to involve various structural subdivisions both of State Committee of Forestry of Ukraine, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and also State Committee of Nuclear Safety of Ukraine. Probably for its implementation it would be expedient to use a network of points of observation of Committee of Hydrometeorology of the country. In forestry as a branch of general industry partially specially prepared experts of local forestry units and two central forest-accounting expeditions can solve problems of radiation monitoring. From our point of view by development of the programs and methodology of observations, collecting and processing of obtained analytical data, creation of analytical materials and prognosis of development of a situation in forests should conduct special subdivisions of Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Amelioration (UkrSRIFA) or special State Centre of Forest Monitoring.

It is necessary to mark that for acceptance of quick decisions on management of forestry in conditions of radioactive contamination the application of GIS-technology is demanded on the basis of radiation monitoring of forest ecosystems. GIS-technology in application to purpose and main tasks of monitoring provides:

Fallout-derived Cs and naturally occurring radionuclides, such as K and Be in soils and grass were measured in Thessaloniki area, Northern Greece, at temperate zone (40°), in order to examine their behaviour in natural ecosystems. For long-term measurements over a 15-y period, Cs concentrations ranged from 3.73 to 1307 Bq kg (avg. 210.5 Bq kg) in soils and from 0.4 to 334.9 Bq kg (avg. 14.5 Bq kg) for grass. Potassium-40 concentrations ranged from 141.4 to 580.2 Bq (avg. 224.4 Bq kg) in soils and from 66.3 to 1480 Bq kg (avg. 399.8 Bq kg) for grass. Beryllium-7 concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 39.6 Bq kg (avg. 14.4 Bq kg) in the soils and from 2.1 to 348.0 Bq kg (avg. 54.4 Bq kg) for grass. Cesium-137 transfer coefficients, TF from soil to plants (grass) ranged from 0.002 to 7.42 (avg. 0.20). Potassium-40 TF values from soil to plants (grass) ranged from 0.16 to 2.42 (avg. 0.73). Beryllium-7 TF values from soil to plants (grass) ranged from 0.027 to 2.37 (avg. 0.42) 137 An ecological half-life, T for Cs in grassland 3 1/3 y could be derived, when TF values varied between 0.1 and 0.01 in an 11-y elapsed time since contamination (May 1986). An almost similar T value (3 2/3 y) was derived for K in grassland.

The landscape based GIS is an effective tool for the structuration and classification of the ecosystems, for the field experimental data collection, analysis and extrapolation, as well as the ecotoxicological parameterisation of the ecosystems and solution the regional and local ecotoxicological problems.

On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies a method of assessment and prognosis of the radionuclides migration soils has been created.

Experimental methods for the determination of transfer characteristics and their assessment, and also the methods for prediction of radionuclide migration in frozen grounds should provide a clear distinction between driving forces and fluxes of the convection and diffusion transfer.

The proposed mathematical models are phenomenological and the transfer coefficients involved in these models are recommended to be determined experimentally.

The methods were developed for investigation of diffusion and convection transfer characteristics of radionuclides in thawing and frozen grounds with the allowance for the sorption by solid phase of the soils. On the basis of the experimental data obtained the information constraints for the mathematical models of the radionuclides migration in soils have been set. On the basis of researches in the field, lab test and mathematical modelling the impact of physical-chemical factors and the soil component composition changes upon the radionuclides Cs1, Sr migration and sorption in natural dispersed systems (peat, sand, bentonite, kaolin, sapropel has been investigated.

The impact of electrolytes, including compounds of Cs and Sr stable isotopes upon the radionuclides behaviour in peat soils has been made known, allowing controlling their mobility.

The forecast assessments of radionuclides migration in the peat soil (the peat deposit Pogonyanskoye, the Polessye radiation-ecology reserve) under the natural and anthropogenic factors impact had been carried out.

The processes of land waterlogging, bank erosion and soil salination and alkalisation take place on the coastal landscapes of Kyiv, Kaniv and Kremenchuk reservoirs. We identified some regions on these reservoirs coast according to the intensity and peculiarities of such processes.

An important environmental characteristic of landscapes on Kyiv and Kaniv reservoirs coast is their pollution by nuclear wastes. The radionuclides (Cs) have penetrated into the soil profile to the depth 15–25 cm, but their predominant part is concentrated in sods, forest litter and the upper 7-10-cm layer of soil. On elevated banks the nuclear wastes are subject to surface erosion while on low banks is a slight accumulation of radionuclides in the capillary fringe of soils waterlogged by seepage waters.