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and are among the most important concepts in TPM 2.0. Authorizations control access to entities in the TPM, providing many of the security guarantees of the TPM. are the vehicle for and maintain state between subsequent commands; additionally, configure some per-command attributes such as encryption and decryption of command and response parameters and auditing. This chapter describes sessions as they relate to authorization of actions on entities. Chapters 16 and 17 describe details of the per-command session use modifiers.

The power take-off (PTO) of a wave energy converter is defined as the mechanism with which the absorbed energy by the primary converter is transformed into useable electricity.

When entering the field of wave energy utilization it is relevant to ask—why is it important to start utilizing this resource? The reasons for this are shared with other renewable energy sources, such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass and other ocean energy forms such as tidal, currents, thermal and salinity driven systems.

Understanding the hydrodynamics of waves and the wave energy resource is fundamental to the good design of wave energy converters. The wave energy resource can be defined by its temporal, directional and spectral characteristics, although many representations of the wave energy resource result in the removal of this information, with a consequential distortion of the apparent resource. This chapter discusses how wave energy resource data may be generated using numerical model and validated using site measurements. The chapter also discusses the processes that afffect wave propagation and lead to wave transformation. In its totality, the chapter provides sufficient details of the wave resource to allow an assessment of any particular wave resource assessment to be made, together wtith its potential impact on the performance of a wave energy converter.

The successful development process of WECs demands large amounts of time and means. The optimal development trajectory manages to keep these expenses to a minimum while delivering an economically viable product at the end of its development. As related expenses (time and money) increase exponentially with the development stages (TRLs) while flexible parameters decrease rapidly, it is of the highest importance to optimise the WEC principles at an early stage (TRL 1-4) up to the level where the economic potential of the WEC is ensured (TPL > 7).

In wave energy, perhaps more so than any other industry, the economics of product development and product ownership are not separate from the product engineering and design. This is the case because, despite high potential of untapped energy resource and the constant attention of academic research and innovative companies and inventors, as yet no one has verifiably achieved a minimum viable product in a wave energy conversion system.

In this chapter we look at the fundamental principles of wave absorption, and of forces on floating bodies. The goal is to build an understanding of the main physical effects involved when trying to extract power from ocean waves.

The goal of the chapter is that the reader shall be able to self-dependently make a first, preliminary analysis of wave-induced horizontal forces, motions and mooring tensions for a moored floating wave energy device. Necessary prerequisites to attain that goal are the understanding of the physical phenomena, awareness of simplifying assumptions and some insight into the available mathematical and numerical tools. It is demanding to establish the hydrodynamic forces and reactions for wave-energy devices, because they may undergo very large resonant motions, have very complex shapes being composed of articulated connected bodies or involve a net flow of water through the device. This makes it difficult to use conventional potential methods. Most devices need undergo extensive tank and field testing. However, here we will sketch simplified methods for first estimates of environmental forces, response forces, and response motions useful in the concept stage and for planning tank tests.

The power take-off (PTO) of a wave energy converter is defined as the mechanism with which the absorbed energy by the primary converter is transformed into useable electricity.

The main objective of a tests campaign is to support the related research and development and to evaluate a particular characteristic or parameter of (a subsystem of) the WEC. These experimental tests can be done in three different environments: in a controlled and wet environment (referred to by tank testing), a controlled and dry environment (referred to by test bench) and in an uncontrollable wet environment (referred to by sea trials). Experimental tests on the full or subsystems of the device can be performed during all the development stages of the WEC, and well beyond.