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Experiments on bonding of acrylic resins to enamel and dentine began in the early 1950s in England with Dr. Oskar Hagger. He developed a monomer based on glycerophosphoric acid dimethacrylate that was chemically cured with sulphinic acid [1].

Resin sealants are accepted as an effective procedure for controlling fissure decay in primary and permanent teeth. At the same time, increased use has been reported in resin composite restoratives in posterior teeth as substitute for amalgam.

The ability of the clinician to bond restorative materials to enamel has been an important achievement of modern dentistry. A variety of restorative materials that rely on enamel bonding are now available to the clinician. These materials include resin composites, compomers, hybrid ionomers, and glass ionomers.

The interference of moisture in enamel bonding procedures is of interest mainly for orthodontic applications and to a lesser extent for bonded restorations. The mechanism and interfacial phenomena of enamel bonding from a restorative dentistry perspective are analyzed in Chap. 1.

The use of composite filling materials along with adhesive techniques has revolutionized present dental practice. The esthetic potential, handling, and wear properties of composite fillings have improved drastically [1].

Photo-polymerisation is now a widely accepted initiation mode for the clinical hardening processes required with a wide range of biomaterials including dental adhesives and restoratives. As we discuss in detail, there is a strong relationship between the progressive phenomenon of photo-polymerisation, with attendant network formation, and shrinkage stresses and strains set up in the material and its host environment.

When a tooth becomes decayed or fractured, an indirect restoration may be indicated to restore its functional and biological integrity. To reach that goal, special requirements have to be set for the properties of the cement used to retain the restoration.

The cervical margin of class-II and class-V cavities is usually located below the cemento-enamel junction. This area poses a clinical problem in adhesive resin restorations, since the margins of the cavities are limited by cementum (Fig. 8.1), a calcified tissue exhibiting several histo-morphological and functional variations from the dental structures that have been extensively evaluated as bonding substrates (enamel and dentin).