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Spatial Processing in Navigation, Imagery and Perception

Fred Mast ; Lutz Jäncke (eds.)

Resumen/Descripción – provisto por la editorial

No disponible.

Palabras clave – provistas por la editorial

Neurosciences; Cognitive Psychology; Neurobiology; Neuropsychology

Disponibilidad
Institución detectada Año de publicación Navegá Descargá Solicitá
No detectada 2007 SpringerLink

Información

Tipo de recurso:

libros

ISBN impreso

978-0-387-71977-1

ISBN electrónico

978-0-387-71978-8

Editor responsable

Springer Nature

País de edición

Reino Unido

Fecha de publicación

Información sobre derechos de publicación

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Cobertura temática

Tabla de contenidos

Spatial Processing in Navigation, Imagery and Perception

Fred Mast; Lutz Jäncke (eds.)

Pp. No disponible

Spatial Processing during Mental Imagery: A Neurofunctional Theory

Stephen M. Kosslyn; Jennifer M. Shephard; William L. Thompson

Diverse methodologies, from animal research to neuroimaging, have begun to paint a coherent picture of the neural underpinnings of the human visual system. We outline a model that consists of seven coarsely defined processing subsystems. We begin with a discussion of the gating function of attention within a set of retinotopically mapped areas, which we call the visual buffer. This subsystem is implemented in the occipital lobe. Two major pathways lead forward, one going down to the inferior temporal lobe and the other up to the posterior parietal lobe. The functions of these systems are discussed, as are the roles of structures that integrate the two types of information and processes that use information to guide visual search. These same processes are used to generate visual mental images on the basis of stored information and to interpret patterns in images. We summarize a variety of types of evidence that support the putative role of each subsystem, as well as research investigating the anatomical localization of each subsystem.

Pp. 1-15

The Role of Imagery in Navigation: Neuropsychological Evidence

Cecilia Guariglia; Luigi Pizzamiglio

In this chapter a brief review of studies analyzing the relation between disorders in mental representation of space and environmental navigation is reported. Most of the studies concern the role on navigation of unilateral neglect, that is the inability to represent and to attend to the contralesional side of the space, that often follows lesion in posterior regions of the right hemisphere. Different studies demonstrate that unilateral neglect does not affect the ability to use some basic navigational processes such as path integration, but it affects the ability to develop and use cognitive maps of the environment for navigation. A case is also described of a patient who never developed navigational skills due to a congenital brain malformation. The only remarkable deficits the patients presented concerned mental imagery, supporting the hypothesis that mental imagery plays a crusial role in navigation.

Pp. 17-28

Functional Equivalence of Spatial Images Produced by Perception and Spatial Language

Jack M. Loomis; Roberta L. Klatzky; Marios Avraamides; Yvonne Lippa; Reginald G. Golledge

The chapter is concerned with abstract “spatial images”, which spatially coincide with visual, auditory, and haptic percepts but continue to exist after the percepts are gone. Spatial images can also be produced by language specifying environmental locations. Three experiments are reviewed which demonstrate that the spatial images produced by space perception and by language are functionally equivalent, or nearly so. The first experiment deals with the spatial updating of single images produced by language and by spatial hearing. The second experiment deals with the updating of multiple images produced by vision, spatial hearing, and language. The third experiment deals with judgments of allocentric distance and direction between spatial images corresponding to multiple target locations specified by vision and by language.

Pp. 29-48

Spatial Processing and View-Dependent Representations

Ranxiao Frances Wang

View-dependent representations have been shown in studies of navigation, object and scene recognition, and spatial reasoning. In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between different types of view-dependent representations. Based on previous studies and new data presented in this chapter, we proposed a model that contains an egocentric spatial working memory and a LTM representation of similar nature, and discussed theoretical issues that can potentially distinguish between different models of spatial representations.

Pp. 49-65

Modeling Mental Spatial Knowledge Processing

Thomas Barkowsky

This chapter addresses mental spatial knowledge processing from an artificial intelligence (AI) point of view. It first reviews the characteristics of mental representation structures used for mental reasoning processes, motivates mental knowledge processing as a construction process, and points to the use of external media as an important factor in dealing with more complex spatial problems. A range of models of intelligent spatial information processing has been proposed both in psychology and in AI. After giving an overview of selected models, the architecture is presented as a framework for modeling spatial reasoning with mental models and mental images. On the basis of this architecture, the design of representation structures in working memory, the task of computationally modeling mental processing of shape information, and the issue of controlling mental resources in reasoning processes are discussed as challenging issues from an AI perspective. The chapter closes with some considerations regarding the assessment and validation of computational models of mental spatial knowledge processing.

Pp. 67-84

Optic Ataxia: A Gateway to the Human Visual Action System

Marc Himmelbach; Hans-Otto Karnath

Stroke patients with optic ataxia have an outstanding inability to perform spatially accurate movements to visual targets located in their peripheral visual field. Neuropsychological investigations of such patients contributed essentially to the two visual stream hypothesis, which presumes dissociated action- and perception-related processing of visual information in the human brain. Here we review the anatomical foundations of optic ataxia that have been elucidated in detail quite recently and allow for the identification of brain areas that are necessary for the control of hand in space. We further evaluate the behavioral findings from crucial experimental paradigms in patients with optic ataxia, in comparison to results from patients with visual form agnosia, a disorder characterized by severely impaired visual perception without deficits of action control. On this background, the actual validity of the two visual streams model is discussed facing the (I) perceptual functions of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex, (II) sustained activation of these areas supporting the retention of spatial information, and (III) the anatomical dissociation between a foveal and an extrafoveal action system.

Pp. 85-105

Interactions Between Cognitive Space and Motor Activity

Bruce Bridgeman; Brian Lathrop

Extensive signal processing occurs in sensory systems before perception of object positions. Normally this processing is cognitively opaque, inaccessible to experience or behavioral experiment. Several experimental techniques, however, allow analysis of relationships between unconscious processing and subsequent conscious perception and action. In the induced Roelofs effect, a visual target’s perceived position is biased by a large static frame that is offset from the center, an effect that appears in perceptual judgment but not in immediate motor activity. Delayed judgment and delayed pointing both show the effect. All four of these results are due to the frame capturing the straight-ahead, a bias that disappears after stimulus offset. The subject, however, is unaware of the bias, believing the straight-ahead (which affects orientation judgments) to remain accurate. Thus an unconscious bias changes conscious behavior. In a further experiment, inattentional blindness prevents perception of the frame. Nonetheless, the induced Roelofs effect appears. This phenomenon requires two dissociable and sequential unconscious steps, processing the frame and biasing the straight-ahead, before conscious responses are altered.

Pp. 107-117

Cross-modal Involvement of Visual Cortex in Tactile Perception

K. Sathian; Simon Lacey

It is now accepted that visual cortical areas that are specialized for processing particular aspects of vision are also involved in the corresponding tactile tasks. However, the reasons for such cross-modal recruitment of visual cortex remain unclear. Visual imagery may be a partial explanation, as may the idea that both visual and tactile inputs can access multisensory representations. Studies of connectivity between somatosensory and visual regions could aid insight into these issues. Cross-modal plasticity offers another perspective. The blind show greater recruitment of visual cortical areas in various non-visual tasks. This has been most clearly demonstrated in tasks involving language, but may also apply to tactile perception. There has been recent interest in the effects of short-term visual deprivation, which appears to result in considerable changes in visual cortical activity. This suggests that cross-modal plasticity might not require forming new connections, but instead might be grafted onto existing connectivity between modality-specific areas. This chapter reviews work from many groups on visual cortical involvement in tactile perception in both normally sighted and visually deprived humans, and considers their implications.

Pp. 119-134

Neuroanatomy of the Parietal Cortex

Lutz Jäncke

In this chapter the basic principles of parietal cortex anatomy will be described. In this context it is emphasized that there is lack of knowledge about the human parietal cortex in terms of neuroanatomical subregions compared to what is known from the monkey brain. However, based on the current anatomical knowledge different parcellation schemes are described. In addition, the inter- and intrahemispheric connectiviy of the human parietal cortex to other brain regions is estimated on the basis of what is known from monkey data. Finally, basic functional principles of the parietal cortex will be discussed.

Pp. 135-145