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<jats:p> The subsurface storage of energy and carbon dioxide in geological formations will be key for the transition towards a low-carbon energy system. In this book, recent developments of subsurface storage of renewable energy vectors and CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> are presented and knowledge gaps discussed. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The Middle-Late Pennsylvanian Subperiod was marked by recurrent glacial-interglacial cycles superimposed on a longer-term trend of increasing aridity. Wetland and drought-tolerant floras responded with repeated migrations in the tropics, and a major plant turnover occurred in swamp ecosystems in parts of Euramerica near the Middle-Late Pennsylvanian boundary. However, the corresponding ecological and evolutionary responses of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are poorly understood. Here, we review the record of plant-arthropod interactions and analyse origination and extinction rates of insects during the Middle-Late Pennsylvanian. Although preliminary, plant-arthropod associations broadly persist through the Middle-Late Pennsylvanian boundary, and new damage types and host-plant associations first appear in the Late Pennsylvanian, possibly related to increased availability of accessible vascular and foliar tissues associated the shift from arborescent lycopsid to tree and seed fern dominance in Euramerican wetlands. Likewise, our analysis of the insect body fossil record does not suggest especially high rates of origination or extinction during this interval. Together, these results suggest that insects did not suffer major extinctions during the Middle-Late Pennsylvanian, despite short- and long-term changes in climate and environmental conditions.</jats:p> <jats:p content-type="supplementary-material"> Supplementary material at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" specific-use="dataset is-supplemented-by" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6280586">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6280586</jats:ext-link> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> Icehouse climate systems occur across an abbreviated portion of Earth history, comprising ∼25% of the Phanerozoic record. The Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) was the most extreme and longest lasting glaciation of the Phanerozoic and is characterized by periods of acute continental scale glaciation, separated by periods of ice minima or ice-free conditions on the order of &lt;10 <jats:sup>6</jats:sup> years. The late Paleozoic glaciogenic record of the Paraná and Kalahari basins of southern Gondwana form one of the largest, best preserved, and well calibrated records of this glaciation. In the Carboniferous, the eastern and southern margins of the Paraná Basin and the Kalahari Basin were characterized by subglacial conditions, with evidence for continental and upland glaciers. In the latest Carboniferous, these basins transitioned from subglacial reservoirs to ice-free conditions evidenced by the widespread deposition of marine deposits juxtaposed on subglacial bedforms. High-precision U-Pb zircon CA-TIMS geochronologic constraints from volcanic ash deposits in the deglacial marine black shales of the Kalahari Basin and from fluvial and coal successions, which overlie marine deposits in the Paraná, indicate subglacial evidence in these regions is constrained to the Carboniferous. The loss of ice in these regions is congruent with a late Carboniferous peak in <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and widespread marine anoxia in the late Carboniferous. The permeant retreat of glaciers in basinal settings, despite an early Permian <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> nadir, highlight the influence of short-term perturbations on the longer-term CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> record and suggests an ice-threshold had been crossed in the latest Carboniferous. A definitive driver for greenhouse gases in the LPIA, such as abundant and sustained volcanic activity or an increased biologic pump driven by ocean fertilization, is unresolved for this period. Lastly, the proposed Carboniferous apex for the high-latitude LPIA record is incongruent with observations from the low-latitude tropics where an early Permian peak is proposed. </jats:p>

<jats:p>Over the past four decades, research in the HADES underground research laboratory has demonstrated that the geological disposal of radioactive waste in clay can provide a safe and feasible disposal solution. This Special Publication presents the main contributions of the HADES laboratory to Belgian and international research into geological disposal.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The Cretaceous Chalk aquifers of Northern Europe underlie and support many sensitive ecosystems whilst at the same time being an important source of drinking water. This volume brings together the outcomes of numerous projects and case studies to provide the latest applied and theoretical understanding of all aspects of Chalk hydrogeology in Northern Europe.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The first two decades of the twenty-first century have seen significant advances across a wide range of reservoir characterisation techniques, from microscale digital rock physics to macroscale 3D and 4D seismic. At the same time, industry downturns and the requirements of the energy transition have demanded improved understanding of the value and impact of subsurface data to justify their acquisition and commercial relevance. Despite changing technologies and demands, the acquisition, description and analysis of core remains a fundamental tool in managing subsurface uncertainty and associated risk. Value continues to be created in relation to the reservoir property, sedimentological, diagenetic, and structural characterisation of subsurface reservoirs, and these are the focus of the Core Values volume. The enduring business impact of core reflects advances in acquisition methods and laboratory-based core analysis (Theme 1 of the volume); the recent development of multi-sensor core scanning and associated artificial intelligence (AI) tools that allow unprecedented high-resolution data collection and visualisation (Theme 2); the integration of core-derived data with new complementary technologies, leading to improved characterisation of both cored and uncored intervals (Theme 3); the changing nature and role of legacy core collections due to digitisation and improved data access (Theme 4). These are complemented by the need to better understand both existing hydrocarbon resources and other subsurface energy-related systems, particularly CCUS (carbon capture, utilisation, and storage), geothermal energy and the long-term storage of nuclear waste (Theme 5). Through the energy transition core will remain the ground truth foundation to any subsurface understanding and evaluation. At the same time, the technologies available to maximise the applied value of core will continue to develop and evolve, with the integration of diverse and complex core-derived and core-related datasets becoming the norm. Even in the face of AI's impact and value in handling such datasets, those earth scientists who can effectively analyse, interpret and integrate core will still be best placed to meet the subsurface challenges of the future.</jats:p> <jats:p content-type="supplementary-material"> Supplementary material at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" specific-use="dataset is-supplemented-by" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6769407">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6769407</jats:ext-link> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The UK National Geological Repository (UKNGR) is the largest collection of British geoscience samples, with 16m “specimens”, including 600 km of drillcore. Samples are available for study/subsampling by commercial organisations and researchers. Data, reports and publications must be returned. Raw data is available after 2 years.</jats:p> <jats:p>The scientific method requires published results to be repeatable, necessitating the archiving of samples. Re-purposing samples for new research saves money and time and thereby reduces risk. The National Geological Repository (NGR) has cost over £200bn to collect and the cost of a single deep cored borehole would be outside the funding of most research projects, so the operation of a NGR makes financial sense. Many of the boreholes have been extensively characterised, so new research can build on the wealth of published data.</jats:p> <jats:p>The NGR has been at the forefront of international efforts to utilise digitisation and the World Wide Web to improve the impact of the collections. GIS access was provided to the onshore borehole collection in 2000, and GIS and text searching the other collections was added over the next 10 years. This was followed by high resolution images of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) cores, petrological thin sections, and images, stereo anaglyphs and 3D-digital models of British type fossils.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Through state-of-the-art reviews and case studies this volume illustrates how innovative technologies, approaches and thinking continue to reinvent the value of both newly-acquired and legacy core for subsurface evaluation. Such an assessment is timely given that the sector sits at a pivotal point in terms of changing economics, demographics, skillsets and energy solutions.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Volcanic islands have a highly characteristic geological context that poses specific issues related to the reconstruction of volcanic activity, hazard assessment, risk management, implementation of monitoring networks, and non-eruptive geohazards as landslides. This special publication intends to address these issues from a multidisciplinary point of view.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Scientific findings from the 2020–21 eruption of La Soufrière Volcano, St Vincent. It presents both geological and volcanological advances and analyses the impacts of the eruption and the challenges presented for the management of the volcanic crisis. The volume represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of the Soufrière eruptive system and its impacts.</jats:p>