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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>We present a series of controlled fluid injection experiments in the laboratory on a pre‐stressed natural rough fracture with a high initial permeability (∼10<jats:sup>−13</jats:sup> m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) in granite using different fluid pressurization rates. Our results show that fluid injection on a fracture with a slight velocity‐strengthening frictional behavior exhibits dilatant slow slip in association with a permeability increase up to ∼41 times attained at the maximum slip velocity of 0.085 mm/s for the highest‐rate injection case. Under these conditions, the slip velocity‐dependent change in hydraulic aperture is a dominant process to explain the transient evolution of fracture permeability, which is modulated by fluid pressurization rate and fracture surface asperities. This leads to the conclusion that permeability evolution can be engineered for subsurface geoenergy applications by controlling the fluid pressurization rate on slowly slipping fractures.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The knowledge of the observed inverse energy cascade in typhoon boundary layers holds significant implications for understanding the formation, enhancement, and deformation of typhoons. This study reveals that the observed inverse energy cascade originates from the rapid rotation of typhoons. The transition from the direct energy cascade regime to the inverse energy cascade regime can be characterized by the Zeman length scale. The turbulence structures behave as two dimensional above the Zeman length scale. Through symmetry analysis, it is discovered that the ratio of the inverse energy cascade flux to the direct energy cascade flux is proportional to the turbulence Rossby number with a power of −2. These findings offer a framework for incorporating the inverse energy cascade into the turbulence parameterizations and improving typhoon modeling.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The cold dense water from the Pacific sinks to the deep South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait, driving the abyssal and overturning circulations in the SCS, and affecting the Indonesia Throughflow and its associated heat and freshwater fluxes. Combining the ocean bottom pressure data and the hydrographic data, we reveal the seasonal link between Luzon Strait deepwater overflow (LSDO) and deep western boundary current (DWBC) in the Philippine Sea. The seasonal variation in the DWBC dominates the pressure difference between the Pacific and the SCS by adjusting the temperature field on the east side of the Luzon Strait, which in turn contributes to the seasonal variation in the LSDO. The enhanced DWBC in summer/autumn carries more relatively cold water from the high latitudes to the east of the Luzon Strait, increasing the local density and leading to the enhancement of the LSDO in autumn.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Ocean swell activities excite body‐wave microseisms that contain information on the Earth's internal structure. Although seismic interferometry is feasible for exploring structures, it faces the problem of spurious phases stemming from an inhomogeneous source distribution. This paper proposes a new method for inferring seismic discontinuity structures beneath receivers using body‐wave microseisms. This method considers the excitation sources of body‐wave microseisms to be spatially localized and persistent over time. To detect the P‐s conversion beneath the receivers, we generalize the receiver function analysis for earthquakes to body‐wave microseisms. The resultant receiver functions are migrated to the depth section. The detected 410‐ and 660‐km mantle discontinuities are consistent with the results obtained using earthquakes, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of our method for exploring deep‐earth interiors. This study is a significant step toward body‐wave exploration considering the sources of P‐wave microseisms to be isolated events.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>An approximate 236‐year interval in major seismic activity near the southern Xianshuihe fault terminated on 5 September 2022 until a destructive <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>6.8 Luding earthquake. The strike‐slip mainshock, accompanied by potent normal‐faulting aftershocks, fell short of the previously anticipated <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>7+ event. Utilizing deep‐learning and source inversion techniques, we analyzed dense near‐field seismograms to examine detailed fault structures and rupture characteristics. Our high‐quality relocated catalog with 7,388 events revealed that the earthquake ruptured an unmapped multiscale fault network. The analysis of the mainshock and 43 <jats:italic>M</jats:italic><jats:sub>L</jats:sub> ≥ 2.8 aftershocks suggests normal‐faulting events relate to the vertical movement of the Gongga Mountain. The sequence length, seismic gaps, and asperities derived from seismicity and waveform modeling imply that the rupture of the <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>6.8 quake was incomplete, indicating a high risk of a future <jats:italic>M</jats:italic>6+ event at the northern Moxi segment. These findings hold crucial implications for assessing future seismic hazards in this region.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The impacts of cloud mixing and uptake on wet scavenging are not adequately resolved in global models which can lead to an overestimation of the removal of water‐soluble gases and aerosols from the atmosphere. To address this issue, we develop and implement novel parameterizations to consider the impacts of these processes. Our analysis of vertical profiles of nitric acid, inorganic nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate concentrations during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission periods indicates that air refreshing limitation has a significant impact above 800 hPa, while cloud ice uptake limitation plays an important role above 500 hPa. Incorporating these two processes resulted in a reduction of wet depositions of these species across source regions and a slight increase in their downwind regions. Wet depositions of nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate were reduced in source regions by 22.7%, 8.4%, and 8.3%, respectively and increased in downwind regions by 10.1%, 7.0%, and 4.3%, respectively.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>On 6 February 2023, a local tsunami was recorded in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea following the Mw 7.7 Turkey–Syria inland strike‐slip earthquake. Due to the lack of underwater observation, the tsunami generation mechanism remains mysterious. To understand the source mechanisms, we analyzed the tsunami waveforms of four nearby tide gauges and located possible sources using a backward tsunami ray tracing approach. We then conducted forward numerical modelings for a range of possible source parameters. We show that there were probably two tsunami sources, inside and outside Iskenderun Bay, which may be related to thick coastal sediments. A source inside the Bay with a characteristic length of 7 km produced dominant periods of 10–30 min with negative initial motion, possibly generated by a landslide. Another source of 6 km length outside the Bay produced dominant periods of 2–10 min with positive initial motions, possibly related with liquefaction.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Using 5‐year dual‐polarization radar observations, variations of convective and microphysical characteristics of extreme precipitation features (EPFs) with increasing rainfall extremity over a monsoon coastal region (Pearl River Delta; PRD) in South China are investigated through comparing three groups of EPFs (ER1, ER2, and ER3). The more extreme rainfall shows a notable increase and decrease in the fractions of “intense” convection and “weak” convection, respectively. The higher rainfall extremity is accompanied by statistically significant increases in ice and liquid water contents but a roughly equal fraction of coalescence in liquid‐phase processes. While the raindrop size distributions of ER1 to ER3 similarly feature a mean size larger than “maritime‐like” droplets and a concentration much higher than “continental‐like” raindrops, the mean size and concentration of raindrops tend to increase slightly with the increasing rainfall extremity. Two sensitivity experiments on EFP definition confirm the robustness and representative of the above results.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The modern high topography of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is drained by several of the largest rivers on Earth, and exerts a prominent influence on the Asian monsoon pattern. However, when the high terrain was formed remains highly debated. Here, we present detrital zircon U‐Pb ages that indicate a south‐flowing drainage system with distal headwaters passed through the Ninglang Basin at ca. 45 Ma. We advocate for early–middle Eocene surface uplift in the Gonjo Basin and areas to the west creating a southeast tilted topography across eastern Tibet. The termination of sedimentation at ca. 40 Ma implies that the river system had deviated from the Ninglang Basin, which we interpret as a result of rise of the Yalong‐Yulong thrust belt. Combined with other lines of evidence from previous studies, we support the establishment of moderate‐high elevation topography of eastern Tibet by late Eocene time.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Landslide time‐of‐failure prediction is crucial in natural hazards, often requiring precise measurements from in situ instruments. This instrumentation is not always possible, and remote‐sensing techniques have been questioned for detecting precursors and predicting landslides. Here, based on high frequency acquisitions of the PlanetScope satellite constellation, we study the kinematics of a large landslide located in Peru that failed in June 2020. We show that the landslide underwent a progressive acceleration in the 3 months before its failure, reaching at most 8 m of total displacement. The high frequency of satellite revisit allows us to apply the popular Fukuzono method for landslide time‐of‐failure prediction, with sufficient confidence for faster moving areas of the landslide. These results open new opportunities for landslide precursors detection from space, but also show the probable seldom applicability of the optical satellites for landslide time‐of‐failure prediction.</jats:p>