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<jats:title>A mind’s-eye view of others</jats:title> <jats:p> Social interaction among groups of individuals is a complex proposition. Not only must an animal keep track of various vocalizations and direct interactions in the present but likely also their knowledge of every other individual and their history of interaction with that individual. Two papers begin to unravel the neuronal process by which such complexities are managed (see the Perspective by Sliwa). Báez-Mendoza <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . tracked the interactional dynamics among three Rhesus macaques and found that neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex represent details of the interaction, such as identity, context, and interaction history. Rose <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . remotely recorded from freely interacting Egyptian fruit bats and similarly found coordinated neural activity among individuals, a relationship between brain activity patterns and social preference, and that single neurons in the prefrontal cortex distinguished between the vocalizations of specific individuals. Together these papers reveal clear evidence for neuronal encoding of social interaction and identity. —SNV </jats:p>

<jats:title>A mind’s-eye view of others</jats:title> <jats:p> Social interaction among groups of individuals is a complex proposition. Not only must an animal keep track of various vocalizations and direct interactions in the present but likely also their knowledge of every other individual and their history of interaction with that individual. Two papers begin to unravel the neuronal process by which such complexities are managed (see the Perspective by Sliwa). Báez-Mendoza <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . tracked the interactional dynamics among three Rhesus macaques and found that neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex represent details of the interaction, such as identity, context, and interaction history. Rose <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . remotely recorded from freely interacting Egyptian fruit bats and similarly found coordinated neural activity among individuals, a relationship between brain activity patterns and social preference, and that single neurons in the prefrontal cortex distinguished between the vocalizations of specific individuals. Together these papers reveal clear evidence for neuronal encoding of social interaction and identity. —SNV </jats:p>

<jats:title>A smaller-dose jab does the job</jats:title> <jats:p> Low-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines potentially allow health providers to administer more doses from a limited vaccine supply and can be less reactogenic. Whether low-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccines generate immune responses comparable to currently approved doses remains an open question, however. Mateus <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . report the results of a clinical trial comparing patients who received a 25-μg mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine to 100-μg mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccinees and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2–infected individuals. The low-dose Moderna vaccine generated long-lived T cell immunity that was equivalent between younger and older patients and that could be enhanced by the presence of cross-reactive T cells. Moreover, antibody and T cell responses induced by the low-dose vaccine were comparable to natural infection and about half as strong as those seen with high-dose vaccination. —STS </jats:p>

<jats:p>The past 30 years have exposed the global public health and economic threats posed by the emergence of infectious pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Nipah, Zika, and now SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) each have been the “Disease X” of their time. The risk of future emergence is driven by multiple forces, including climate change, ecosystem changes, and increasing urbanization. The next Disease X could appear at any time, and the world needs to be better prepared.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Leaders of the world’s major economies, representing 80% of the world’s gross domestic product, will meet at the end of this month at the G20 meeting in Rome to address issues of global importance, including how to increase the worldwide supply of COVID-19 vaccines. How the world addresses the current state of vaccine inequity will affect how we meet future global disease challenges.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Success depends on shoring up the country’s health system</jats:p>

<jats:p>Oxygen-carrying cells also capture DNA from pathogens and damaged cells</jats:p>

<jats:p>Bronze Age herders began riding the ancestor of modern horses in the grassy western Eurasian steppe</jats:p>

<jats:p>Kyoto University’s move follows dismissal of director</jats:p>