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Our extensive analysis of normative conditionals (see Chapters 20 and 21) enables us to introduce a new family of normative concepts, which we call concepts (from the Latin word , “power”) since they are base the notion of a .

Often the law enables us to achieve normative results through a , that is, by expressing our intention to achieve such results, exactly in order to achieve them. After presenting this phenomenon, we shall introduce the notion of a , which expresses the general idea of the intentional production of normative results.

The notion of a proclamation leads us to the general idea of a , namely, the power to achieve, through a proclamation, exactly what one is proclaiming.

In this chapter we shall provide some applications and extensions of the notion of a . We shall first consider that a proclamative power—besides being the ability to realise (determine) certain results—also consists in the ability to make certain normative texts become binding. This will lead us to address briefly the notion of . Then we shall try to develop a broad notion of , which goes beyond the exercise of a proclamative power.

In this chapter we shall integrate the logical tools we have so far introduced in order to provide a broader picture of , namely, the ratiocinative process through which a reasoner reaches justified legal conclusions.

In Chapter 26 we have analysed the notion of an argument and we have discussed various possible interactions between arguments. In particular, we have seen that arguments may collide, that collisions may determine defeat, and that further collisions may reinstate the defeated arguments.

This chapter addresses in the legal domain by merging various ideas we have discussed in the previous pages: heuresis, rationalisation, preferential reasoning, teleology, factor-based reasoning, and argumentation.

This chapter is dedicated to the application of the idea of theory construction (as defined in Chapter 28) to the dynamical modelling of case-based reasoning. First we illustrate our basic model of case-based reasoning, and then we provide various extensions and refinements of it.

The Greek poet and librarian Callimachus famously criticised a lengthy work (the poem , by Apollonius of Rhodes), saying that “a big book is a big evil.”