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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Polyploidization is often followed by diploidization. Diploidization is generally studied using synthetic polyploid lines and/or crop plants, but rarely using extant diploids or nonmodel plants such as <jats:italic>Artemisia tridentata</jats:italic>. This threatened western North American keystone species has a large genome compared to congeneric <jats:italic>Artemisia</jats:italic> species; dominated by diploid and tetraploid cytotypes, with multiple origins of tetraploids with genome size reduction.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>The genome of an <jats:italic>A. tridentata</jats:italic> sample was resequenced to study genome evolution and compared to that of <jats:italic>A. annua</jats:italic>, a diploid congener. Three diploid genomes of <jats:italic>A. tridentata</jats:italic> were compared to test for multiple diploidization events.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>A. tridentata</jats:italic> genome had many chromosomal rearrangements relative to that of <jats:italic>A. annua</jats:italic>, while large‐scale synteny of <jats:italic>A. tridentata</jats:italic> chromosome 3 and <jats:italic>A. annua</jats:italic> chromosome 4 was conserved. The three <jats:italic>A. tridentata</jats:italic> genomes had similar sizes (4.19–4.2 Gbp), heterozygosity (2.24–2.25%), and sequence (98.73–99.15% similarity) across scaffolds, and in <jats:italic>k</jats:italic>‐mer analyses, similar patterns of diploid heterozygous <jats:italic>k</jats:italic>‐mers (AB = 41%, 47%, and 47%), triploid heterozygous <jats:italic>k</jats:italic>‐mers (AAB = 18–21%), and tetraploid <jats:italic>k</jats:italic>‐mers (AABB = 13–17%). Biallelic SNPs were evenly distributed across scaffolds for all individuals. Comparisons of transposable element (TE) content revealed differential enrichment of TE clades.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest population‐level TE differentiation after a shared polyploidization‐to‐diploidization event(s) and exemplify the complex processes of genome evolution. This research approached provides new resources for exploration of abiotic stress response, especially the roles of TEs in response pathways.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Theories of plant–herbivore interactions hold that seedlings are more vulnerable to herbivory in warmer and more stable climates at lower elevations. Hypotheses of plant apparency, resource concentration, and resource availability have been proposed to explain variability in leaf herbivory. However, seasonal differences in the effects of these hypotheses on leaf herbivory on seedlings remain unclear.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the three herbivory hypotheses by comparing the percentage and frequency of leaf herbivory in understory broadleaf seedlings in a subtropical forest in May (spring) and October (autumn) along an elevational gradient (290–1370 m a.s.l.). In total, we measured 2890 leaves across 696 seedlings belonging to 95 species and used beta regressions to test the effects of plant apparency (e.g., leaf area, seedling height), resource concentration (e.g., plant species diversity), and resource availability (e.g., canopy openness, soil available N and P) on leaf herbivory.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Seedlings exhibited unimodal patterns of leaf herbivory along elevation, with drivers of leaf herbivory varying by the month. Variation in the frequency of leaf herbivory was best explained by the resource concentration hypothesis (e.g., plant species diversity) in both months, and herbivory was lower on seedlings in sites with higher plant diversity. Plant apparency hypothesis (e.g., leaf area, seedling height) was weakly supported only in spring, and the evidence for resource availability hypothesis (e.g., canopy openness, soil nutrients) was mixed.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>This study supports the resource concentration hypothesis and reveals the importance of seasonal difference on understanding leaf herbivory patterns and the drivers of plant diversity in subtropical forests.</jats:p></jats:sec>