Catálogo de publicaciones - revistas

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Increasingly complete phylogenies underpin studies in systematics, ecology, and evolution. Myrteae (Myrtaceae), with ~2700 species, is a key component of the exceptionally diverse Neotropical flora, but given its complicated taxonomy, automated assembling of molecular supermatrices from public databases often lead to unreliable topologies due to poor species identification.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Here, we build a taxonomically verified molecular supermatrix of Neotropical Myrteae by assembling 3909 published and 1004 unpublished sequences from two nuclear and seven plastid molecular markers. We infer a time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree that covers 712 species of Myrteae (~28% of the total diversity in the clade) and evaluate geographic and taxonomic gaps in sampling.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The tree inferred from the fully concatenated matrix mostly reflects the topology of the plastid data set and there is a moderate to strong incongruence between trees inferred from nuclear and plastid partitions. Large, species‐rich genera are still the poorest sampled within the group. Eastern South America is the best‐represented area in proportion to its species diversity, while Western Amazon, Mesoamerica, and the Caribbean are the least represented.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>We provide a time‐calibrated tree that can be more reliably used to address finer‐scale eco‐evolutionary questions that involve this group in the Neotropics. Gaps to be filled by future studies include improving representation of taxa and areas that remain poorly sampled, investigating causes of conflict between nuclear and plastid partitions, and the role of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in relationships that are poorly supported.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have suggested a trade‐off between trichome density (<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>) and stomatal density (<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub>) due to shared cell precursors. We clarified how, when, and why this developmental trade‐off may be overcome across species.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We derived equations to determine the developmental basis for <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> in trichome and stomatal indices (<jats:italic>i</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>i</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub>) and the sizes of epidermal pavement cells (<jats:italic>e</jats:italic>), trichome bases (<jats:italic>t</jats:italic>), and stomata (<jats:italic>s</jats:italic>) and quantified the importance of these determinants of <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> for 78 California species. We compiled 17 previous studies of <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> relationships to determine the commonness of <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> associations. We modeled the consequences of different <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> associations for plant carbon balance.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Our analyses showed that higher <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub> was determined by higher <jats:italic>i</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub> and lower <jats:italic>e</jats:italic>, and higher <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> by higher <jats:italic>i</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> and lower <jats:italic>e</jats:italic>. Across California species, positive <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> coordination arose due to <jats:italic>i</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>i</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> coordination and impacts of the variation in <jats:italic>e</jats:italic>. A <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> trade‐off was found in only 30% of studies. Heuristic modeling showed that species sets would have the highest carbon balance with a positive or negative relationship or decoupling of <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub>, depending on environmental conditions.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Shared precursor cells of trichomes and stomata do not limit higher numbers of both cell types or drive a general <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> trade‐off across species. This developmental flexibility across diverse species enables different <jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>t</jats:sub>–<jats:italic>D</jats:italic><jats:sub>s</jats:sub> associations according to environmental pressures. Developmental trait analysis can clarify how contrasting trait associations would arise within and across species.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Soil microbes can influence patterns of diversity in plant communities via plant–soil feedbacks. Intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks occur when plant genotype leads to variations in soil microbial composition, resulting in differences in the performance of seedlings growing near their maternal plants versus seedlings growing near nonmaternal conspecific plants. How consistently such intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks occur in natural plant communities is unclear, especially in variable field conditions.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>In an in situ experiment with four native tree species on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, seedlings of each species were transplanted beneath their maternal tree or another conspecific tree in the BCI forest. Mortality and growth were assessed at the end of the wet season (~4 months post‐transplant) and at the end of the experiment (~7 months post‐transplant).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Differences in seedling performance among field treatments were inconsistent among species and eroded over time. Effects of field environment were detected at the end of the wet season in two of the four species: <jats:italic>Virola surinamensis</jats:italic> seedlings had higher survival beneath their maternal tree than other conspecific trees, while seedling survival of <jats:italic>Ormosia macrocalyx</jats:italic> was higher under other conspecific trees. However, these differences were gone by the end of the experiment.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks may not be consistent in the field for tropical tree species and may have a limited role in determining seedling performance in tropical tree communities. Future studies are needed to elucidate the environmental and genetic factors that determine the incidence and direction of intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks in plant communities.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>We assessed changes in traits associated with water economy across climatic gradients in the ecologically similar peat mosses <jats:italic>Sphagnum cuspidatum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sphagnum lindbergii</jats:italic>. These species have parapatric distributions in Europe and have similar niches in bogs. <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> species of bogs are closely related, with a large degree of microhabitat niche overlap between many species that can be functionally very similar. Despite this, ecologically similar species do have different distributional ranges along climatic gradients that partly overlap. These gradients may favor particular <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> traits, especially in relation to water economy, which can be hypothesized to drive species divergence by character displacement.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We investigated traits relevant for water economy of two parapatric bryophytes (<jats:italic>Sphagnum cuspidatum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. lindbergii</jats:italic>) across the border of their distributional limits. We included both shoot traits and canopy traits, i.e., collective traits of the moss surface, quantified by photogrammetry.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The two species are ecologically similar and occur at similar positions along the hydrological gradient in bogs. The biggest differences between the species were expressed in the variations of their canopy surfaces, particularly surface roughness and in the responses of important traits such as capitulum mass to climate. We did not find support for character displacement, because traits were not more dissimilar in sympatric than in allopatric populations.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that parapatry within <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> can be understood from just a few climatic variables and that climatic factors are stronger drivers than competition behind trait variation within these species of <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic>.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>During the last centuries, the area covered by urban landscapes is increasing all over the world. Urbanization can change local habitats and decrease connectivity among these habitats, with important consequences for species interactions. While several studies have found a major imprint of urbanization on plant–insect interactions, the effects of urbanization on seed predation remain largely unexplored.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the relative impact of sunlight exposure, leaf litter, and spatial connectivity on predation by moth and weevil larvae on acorns of the pedunculate oak across an urban landscape during 2018 and 2020. We also examined whether infestations by moths and weevils were independent of each other.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>While seed predation varied strongly among trees, seed predation was not related to differences in sunlight exposure, leaf litter, or spatial connectivity. Seed predation by moths and weevils was negatively correlated at the level of individual acorns in 2018, but positively correlated at the acorn and the tree level in 2020.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our study sets the baseline expectation that urban seed predators are unaffected by differences in sunlight exposure, leaf litter, and spatial connectivity. Overall, our findings suggest that the impact of local and spatial factors on insects within an urban context may depend on the species guild. Understanding the impact of local and spatial factors on biodiversity, food web structure, and ecosystem functioning can provide valuable insights for urban planning and management strategies aimed at promoting urban insect diversity.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Apomixis in ferns is relatively common and obligatory. Sterile hybrids may restore fertility via apomixis at a cost of long‐term genetic stagnation. In this study, we outlined apomixis as a possible temporary phase leading to sexuality and analyzed factors relating to transitioning to and away from apomixis, such as unreduced and reduced spore formation in apomict and apo‐sex hybrid ferns.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed the genome size of 15 fern species or hybrids (“taxa”) via flow cytometry. The number of reduced and unreduced gametophytes was established as a proxy for viable spore formation of either type. We also calculated the spore abortion ratio (sign of reduced spores) in several taxa, including the apo‐sex hybrid <jats:italic>Dryopteris</jats:italic> × <jats:italic>critica</jats:italic> and its 16 apomictically formed offspring.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Four of 15 sampled taxa yielded offspring variable in genome size. Specifically, each variable taxon formed one viable reduced plant among 12–451 sampled gametophytes per taxon. Thus, haploid spore formation in the studied apomicts was very rare but possible. Spore abortion analyses indicated gradually decreasing abortion (haploid spore formation) over time. In <jats:italic>Dryopteris</jats:italic> × <jats:italic>critica</jats:italic>, abortion decreased from 93.8% to mean 89.5% in one generation.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results support apomixis as a transitionary phase toward sexuality. Newly formed apomicts hybridize with sexual relatives and continue to form haploid spores early on. Thus, they may get the genomic content necessary for regular meiosis and restore sexuality. If the missing relative goes extinct, the lineage gets locked into apomixis as may be the case with the <jats:italic>Dryopteris affinis</jats:italic> complex.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Shared geographical patterns of population genetic variation among related species is a powerful means to identify the historical events that drive diversification. The <jats:italic>Sphagnum capillifolium</jats:italic> complex is a group of closely related peat mosses within the <jats:italic>Sphagnum</jats:italic> subgenus <jats:italic>Acutifolia</jats:italic> and contains several circumboreal species whose ranges encompass both glaciated and unglaciated regions across the northern hemisphere. In this paper, we (1) inferred the phylogeny of subg. <jats:italic>Acutifolia</jats:italic> and (2) investigated patterns of population structure and genetic diversity among five circumboreal species within the <jats:italic>S. capillifolium</jats:italic> complex.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We generated RAD sequencing data from most species of the subg. <jats:italic>Acutifolia</jats:italic> and samples from across the distribution ranges of circumboreal species within the <jats:italic>S. capillifolium</jats:italic> complex.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>We resolved at least 14 phylogenetic clusters within the <jats:italic>S. capillifolium</jats:italic> complex. Five circumboreal species show some common patterns: One population system comprises plants in eastern North America and Europe, and another comprises plants in the Pacific Northwest or around the Beringian and Arctic regions. Alaska appears to be a hotspot for genetic admixture, genetic diversity, and sometimes endemic subclades.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results support the hypothesis that populations of five circumboreal species within the <jats:italic>S. capillifolium</jats:italic> complex survived in multiple refugia during the last glacial maximum. Long‐distance dispersal out of refugia, population bottlenecks, and possible adaptations to conditions unique to each refugium could have contributed to current geographic patterns. These results indicate the important role of historical events in shaping the complex population structure of plants with broad distribution ranges.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>The ability to self‐fertilize is predicted to provide an advantage in colonization because a single individual can reproduce and establish a next generation in a new location regardless of the density of mates. While there is theoretical and correlative support for this idea, the strength of mate limitation as a selective agent has not yet been delineated from other factors that can also select for self‐fertilization in colonization of new habitats. We used known mating‐system variation in the American bellflower (<jats:italic>Campanula americana</jats:italic>) to explore how plants’ ability to self‐fertilize can mitigate density‐dependent reproduction and impact colonization success.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We created experimental populations of single individuals or a small number of plants to emulate isolated colonization events. These populations were composed of plants that differed in their ability to self‐fertilize. We compared pollen limitation of the single individuals to that of small populations.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Experimental populations of plants that readily self‐fertilize produced consistent seed numbers regardless of population size, whereas plants with lower ability to self‐fertilize had density‐dependent reproduction with greater seed production in small populations than in populations composed of a single individual.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>We experimentally isolated the effect of mate limitation in colonization and found that it can select for increased self‐fertilization. We show the benefit of self‐fertilization in colonization, which helps to explain geographic patterns of self‐fertilization and shows support for Baker's law, a long‐held hypothesis in the field of mating‐system evolution.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>The Caryophyllaceae (the carnation family) have undergone multiple transitions into colder climates and convergence on cushion plant adaptation, indicating that they may provide a natural system for cold adaptation research. Previous research has suggested that putative ancient whole‐genome duplications (WGDs) are correlated with niche shifts into colder climates across the Caryophyllales. Here, we explored the genomic changes potentially involved in one of these discovered shifts in the Caryophyllaceae.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We constructed a data set combining 26 newly generated transcriptomes with 45 published transcriptomes, including 11 cushion plant species across seven genera. With this data set, we inferred a dated phylogeny for the Caryophyllaceae and mapped ancient WGDs and gene duplications onto the phylogeny. We also examined functional groups enriched for gene duplications related to the climatic shift.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The ASTRAL topology was mostly congruent with the current consensus of relationships within the family. We inferred 15 putative ancient WGDs in the family, including eight that have not been previously published. The oldest ancient WGD (ca. 64.4–56.7 million years ago), WGD1, was found to be associated with a shift into colder climates by previous research. Gene regions associated with ubiquitination were overrepresented in gene duplications retained after WGD1 and those convergently retained by cushion plants in <jats:italic>Colobanthus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Eremogone</jats:italic>, along with other functional annotations.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Gene family expansions induced by ancient WGDs may have contributed to the shifts to cold climatic niches in the Caryophyllaceae. Transcriptomic data are crucial resources that help unravel heterogeneity in deep‐time evolutionary patterns in plants.</jats:p></jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Premise</jats:title><jats:p>Cytogenetic traits such as an organism's chromosome number and genome size are taxonomically critical as they are instrumental in defining angiosperm diversity. Variations in these traits can be traced to evolutionary processes such as polyploidization, although geographic variations across cytogenetic traits remain underexplored. In the pantropical monocot family Zingiberaceae (~1500 species), cytogenetic traits have been well documented; however, the role of these traits in shaping taxonomic diversity and biogeographic patterns of gingers is not known.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>A time‐calibrated Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed for 290 taxa covering three of the four subfamilies in Zingiberaceae. We tested models of chromosome number and genome size evolution within the family and whether lineage age, taxonomic diversity, and distributional range explain the variations in the cytogenetic traits. Tests were carried out at two taxonomic ranks: within Zingiberaceae and within genus <jats:italic>Hedychium</jats:italic> using correlations, generalized linear models and phylogenetic least square models.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The most frequent changes in chromosome number within Zingiberaceae were noted to be demi‐polyploidization and polyploidization (~57% of the time), followed by ascending dysploidy (~27%). The subfamily Zingiberoideae showed descending dysploidy at its base, while Alpinioideae showed polyploidization at its internal nodes. Although chromosome counts and genome sizes did not corroborate with each other, suggesting that they are not equivalent; higher chromosome number variations and higher genome size variations were associated with higher taxonomic diversity and wider biogeographic distribution.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Within Zingiberaceae, multiple incidences of polyploidization were discovered, and cytogenetic events appear to have reduced the genome sizes and increased taxonomic diversity, distributional ranges and invasiveness.</jats:p></jats:sec>