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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The complex anatomy of the avian respiratory system makes it necessary to broaden our knowledge using modern imaging and reconstructional possibilities. The visualization of these structures can be used for clinical situations, in research or as teaching aids in veterinary education. For this we generated 3D models from diagnostic imaging data (computed tomography [CT] scans) of birds. We describe in detail a repeatable method of animal preparation for scanning, data handling and image analysis. CT scans with varying slice thickness and resolution were obtained in prone and supine body positions to analyse air sac morphology and volume changes relative to posture or sexual dimorphism in birds. The resulting data were prepared and analysed using a reconstructional software (3D Slicer) based on manual and semi‐automatic labelling and subsequent 3D models of the air sac system were created. The terminology employed has been referenced from the <jats:italic>Nomina Anatomica Avium, Second Ed.</jats:italic></jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The intracranial cavity contains vital organs such as the brain, cerebellum and meninges. The veterinary field employment in this region is limited. For this reason, obtaining information about the intracranial cavity, the operation to be performed on this region and information about the world will benefit our unit. It aimed to examine the width between gender differences and expectations by calculating the intracranial volume stereological and 3D models using computed tomography sections. In the study, 7 male and 6 female adult Hamdani sheep were used. The intracranial cavity was modelled in 3D using computed tomography sections. Intracranial volume was estimated using CT slices according to the Cavalieri principle. Morphometric measurements were obtained from the intracranial cavity. In the study, intracranial volume was calculated as 120.50±7.59 cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> in females and 137.29±9.79 cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> in males in measurements made using Computed Tomography. Intracranial volume calculation made using the Cavalieri's principle was calculated as 125.33±5.20cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> in females and 136.89±9.13 cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>in males. In the configured CT models, a target difference was detected between the male and female volume values calculated on it (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). There was a difference between males and females in stereologically viable intracranial volume (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). A high level of density was observed between the results of both methods. In the mean of the data, there was no difference between the objectives (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Morphometric measurements determined that the maximum cranial cavity width parameter was between females and males (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.005). In index1 and index2 calculated with the obtained partitions, a circulating difference between genders was observed (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). In the resulting state, the 3‐dimensional intracranial cavity models and the intracranial volume fraction estimated by the Cavalieri principle are conserved. There are high limits between the methods. Feeding future intracranial volume and clinical care.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Few instances of neoplastic formations in the liver of chinchillas have been found, even though the species is widely used in different scientific experiments. In the present article we investigate the anatomical features of the chinchilla's liver using CT and three dimension (3D) imaging. For the trials we used 12 (six males and six females) clinically healthy chinchillas all at 18 months of age. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency. We used Th8 to L2 vertebrae and the sternum as bone markers for the transverse CT study. The investigated anatomical landmarks for the CT coronal study were the vertebrae, costal arch, soft abdominal wall, diaphragm, stomach and the right kidney. 3D reconstructions were accomplished with a specific imaging software. On transverse and coronal CT images, the chinchilla's liver was composed of <jats:italic>lobus hepatis sinister lateralis</jats:italic>, ‘middle lobe’–without proper Latin term in NAV 2017, <jats:italic>lobus hepatis dexter</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>lobus caudatus</jats:italic>. The ‘middle lobe’ was separated into the ‘left middle lobe’ and the ‘right middle lobe’. <jats:italic>Lobus hepatis dexter</jats:italic> consisted of <jats:italic>lobus hepatis dexter medialis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>lobus hepatis dexter lateralis</jats:italic>. There was an anatomical relation between the liver, <jats:italic>fundus ventriculi</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>corpus ventriculi</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Proc. caudatus</jats:italic> was in close contact with the right kidney. <jats:italic>Vesica fellea</jats:italic> was elongated and ellipsoid. 3D reformatted images confirmed the results obtained by transverse and coronal CT studies. The CT density of the liver in HU was 195.6 ± 73.1. The CT and 3D reconstructed images were visualized at high resolution. This data could be used as a basis for further morphological and imaging studies.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>As technology has developed in recent years, the use of three‐dimensional (3D) scanners and printers has become widespread in the medical field. However, since this field is new, all kinds of methodological and experimental related studies gain importance. This study aimed to identify the differences between the calliper measurements by determining the craniometric data on the models constructed by scanning the crania of New Zealand Rabbits (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus</jats:italic> L.), preferred as experimental animals, with a three‐dimensional scanner. Therefore, a total of 12 New Zealand rabbits including 6 females and 6 males were used. After the crania that comprised the study material were macerated, they were subjected to 3D scanning. After the scanning process was completed, they were craniometrically measured both on the scanned models and by using a digital calliper. Analysis of the craniometric data of the 3D scanner showed that there was a difference between sexes at the level of <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05 in widest length between the external acoustic meatus (WLBEAM), skull width and Foramen magnum height (FMH) parameters and cranial index data, and at the level of <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 in the largest nasal width (LNW) parameter. A statistical difference was found between sexes in frontal length, WLBEAM, LNW and FMH parameters and cranial index values in craniometric data collected with the digital calliper (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Consequently, the data collected in this study were found to be close to each other in both methods, suggesting that the 3D scanner may be used in morphometric studies.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the beaks of three species of birds using radiography and computed tomography (CT). The mean lengths of maxillary and mandibular rostra on radiographs were highest for toco toucan, followed by buff‐necked ibis, and least for red‐legged seriema birds. The height and width of maxillary and mandibular rostra measured on CT had mean values highest for toco toucans, followed by red‐legged seriema, and least for buff‐necked ibis. Except for the proximal region of the maxillary rostrum, the HU values were positive for other regions of the maxillary and mandibular rostra in the buff‐necked ibis and red‐legged seriema and negative in all for the toco toucan.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In the northeastern region of Brazil, sheep and goat farming, encompassing around 20 million animals, is predominantly a subsistence activity. Forage quality plays a crucial role in animal productivity, posing a complex interplay between plant and animal aspects. The Caatinga biome, vital for livestock in the region, serves as a significant source for animal diet through pastures. This study aimed to conduct a histomorphometric evaluation of sheep rumens in a semi‐extensive system, comparing those feeding on native Caatinga pastures to those on cultivated pastures. Histological processing followed standard protocols, with morphometry focusing on six viable rumen papillae and the submucosa and muscular layer thickness. Statistical correlation analysis revealed morphological differences in papillae across various rumen regions. Morphometric data indicated no significant difference in papillae area between the groups, with average values in Group A surpassing those in Group B, except for width. This study establishes a morphological and morphometric pattern for rumen regions linked to diet types—native or cultivated. The findings not only enhance understanding of the dietary foundation in the Caatinga's extensive system, but also contribute valuable insights for formulating nutritional strategies to enhance sheep production in the region. This research sheds light on the intricacies of forage‐based animal nutrition, particularly in semi‐extensive systems, offering a foundation for future studies and practices to optimise livestock management in the northeastern Brazilian context.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the calcaneus and talus bones of 20 male and female adult Simmental and Angus cattle were used. The age and sex of these animals were recorded before slaughter, and carcass weights were taken after slaughter. Calcaneus and talus morphometric measurements were used to obtain multipliers that allow the estimation of the carcass weight. These multipliers were found to be mean values of 3.346 and 4.642, respectively. Thus, multipliers were obtained that can be used in the evaluation of chronological differences in archaeological cattle size and consequently carcass weight. LSM (Least Square Means) analysis of calcaneus and talus GL values revealed the effect of sex but not of breed. Proportional factors were obtained for calcaneus and talus pairings and associated bone size (GL) estimates.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The study aims to analyse the normal anatomical and radiographical features of the Manus of the southern Aswanian‐adapted Arabian one‐humped camel, providing crucial data for diagnosing and treating various ailments. Our study was applied to 10 cadaver forelimbs of adult male one‐humped camels (4–5 years old) for an explanation of the gross anatomy of the bones of the Manus region from under the carpal bones by using traditional techniques, including the gross anatomical, radiographic and x‐ray (at the dorsopalmar and lateral planes) of the preparation of Manus bones. Our results showed that the large fused (third and fourth) metacarpal bones, in which the fusion extended along the entire length of the bone except at the distal end, diverged to form separate articulations with cross‐ponding digits. As described in all ruminant species, especially the camel, there were two digits, and each digit consisted of three phalanges and two proximal sesamoid bones. Our radiographic x‐ray data revealed that the complete radiopaque septum that completely divided the medullary cavity into two separate parts was clear from the dorsopalmar view, while the lateral view showed the proximal sesamoid bones that were placed over each other and located palmar to the head of the large metacarpal bone. In conclusion, our study reveals the adaptations of the Arabian one‐humped camel to Egyptian conditions, aiding in the early diagnosis of lameness and digit problems and enabling veterinarians and camel owners to better address these issues, thereby improving the overall health and well‐being of these animals.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The ultrastructure of the olfactory system of most fossorial rodents remains largely unexplored. This study sought to investigate the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb of two species of fossorial rodents that have distinct behaviour and ecology, the East African root rat (RR) and the naked mole rat (NMR). Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed. The basic ultrastructural design of the olfactory system of the two species was largely comparable. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised an olfactory epithelium and an underlying lamina propria. The olfactory epithelium revealed olfactory knobs, cilia and microvilli apically and sustentancular cells, olfactory receptor neurons and basal cells in the upper, middle and basal zones, respectively. The lamina propria was constituted by Bowman's glands, olfactory nerve bundles and vasculature supported by loose connective tissue. Within the olfactory bulb, intracellular and extracellular structures including cell organelles, axons and dendrites were elucidated. Notable species differences were observed in the basal zone of the olfactory epithelium and on the luminal surface of the olfactory mucosa. The basal zone of the olfactory epithelium of the RR consisted of a single layer of flattened electron‐dense horizontal basal cells while the NMR had juxtaposed electron‐dense and electron‐lucent heterogenous cells, an occurrence seen as being indicative of quiescent and highly proliferative states of the olfactory epithelia in the two species, respectively. The olfactory epithelial surface of the NMR comprised an elaborate cilia network that intertwined extensively forming loop‐like structures whereas in the RR, the surface was rugged and consisted of finger‐like processes and irregular masses. With gross and histological studies showing significant differences in the olfactory structures of the two species, these findings are a further manifestation that the olfactory system of the RR and the NMR have evolved differently to reflect their varied olfactory functional needs.</jats:p>