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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The lesser bamboo rat is a fossorial rodent within the monotypic genus <jats:italic>Cannomys</jats:italic>, family Spalacidae and is found in Indochina. The present work provides the first detailed description of the morphology of its digestive system, as examined by gross dissection and histological examination. The oesophagus was lined by a heavily keratinized epithelium and contained mostly striated muscles in the muscularis externa. The stomach was of the unilocular‐hemiglandular type with a cornified squamous area at the fundus separated from the glandular area by the limiting ridge. The length ratio of the small intestine to the entire intestine was relatively low compared to that in other rodents. The caecum contained five to seven haustra and numerous lymphoid tissues, but no distinct appendix. Within the long colon, two non‐papillated longitudinal folds forming a colonic groove, V‐shaped mucosal folds like fishbones and abundant goblet cells were apparent. A five‐lobed liver with a gallbladder and a diffuse pancreas were evident. These findings may indicate that the lesser bamboo rat is a caecal fermenter capable of feeding on highly abrasive plant material. Fermentation may take place via a mucus‐trap colonic separation mechanism without coprophagy. The digestive system of the lesser bamboo rat is somewhat different from that of spalacid relatives.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen black agouti (<jats:italic>Dasyprocta fuliginosa</jats:italic>) male fetuses, acquired in two areas of the Amazon Forest, were used for the purpose of morphologically describing the fetal male urogenital organs with a focus on addressing histological and macroscopic aspects. The organs of interest were dissected and photographed in situ and ex situ. Fragments were collected and subjected to routine histological processing for inclusion in paraffin, which was cut and stained by haematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's Trichrome methods and subsequently analysed in a light microscope. The results showed that the urinary tract is like that of domestic animals and is composed of smooth unilobed kidneys covered by a dense capsule of connective tissue and divided into two well‐defined regions, cortical and medullary. Ureters, urethra and urinary bladder also showed macroscopic and microscopic characteristics similar to those of domestic animals. The penis of these animals has fibroelastic characteristics, with numerous keratinized structures at its apex. In the middle third of the penis, a “U” shaped penile flexure was seen; the glans penis is covered by a keratinized epidermis containing horny spicules. The presence of a penile bone in an endochondral ossification process was observed, being more developed in gestational ages greater than 76 days. The annex glands were not observed, probably because they were fetuses; only the ampulla of the ductus deferens was identified.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The skull is a vitally important complex structure formed by the combination of many bones. Craniometric studies are performed with various imaging methods to determine morphometric characteristics in animals. One of these methods is radiography. In our study, skulls of 14 Hamdani sheep, 20 Siirt‐coloured mohair goats and 20 Romanov sheep breeds were used. Skull sections were taken with a computed tomography device and saved in DICOM format. Nine separate measurements and six index calculations were made from the images. In the study, firstly, the gender difference was ignored and the similarities and differences between the species were recorded. In addition, gender differences were determined statistically, without making any distinction between species. Correlation analysis was performed to compare measurement parameters between animal species. As a result of the study, the highest skull length (SL) and cranial length (CL) values were determined in the Siirt‐coloured mohair goat. It was determined that the difference between Romanov sheep and Siirt‐coloured mohair goat in CL parameter was not statistically significant (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant difference was observed between the Romanov sheep breed and the Hamdani sheep breed (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). The external length of the cranium (ELC) measurement parameter was found to have a statistically significant difference in three animals (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). According to the results of the correlation analysis, the highest correlation value was determined between cranial width (CW) and CL parameters (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = 0.920). When the species difference was ignored, and the statistical difference of the internal height of the cranium (IHC) parameter was found to be significant between female and male animals (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). In addition, it was determined that SL, CW and internal cranium index (ICI) parameters had a significant difference depending on sex (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). It is foreseen that the obtained data can be used in sciences such as zoo archaeology, anatomy, surgery and forensic medicine.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Anatomical variability in the human body is not as rare as was previously hypothesised. Indeed, as recently reviewed, the term ‘norm’ in anatomy can be considered an approximation. Thus, anatomical variations occur quite often, as largely demonstrated during non‐invasive diagnosis, surgical intervention, or post mortem investigations. In the present study, we describe different anatomical variations in both the right and left lungs derived from cadavers of different ethnicities. The analysed organs were collected during dissection, and accessory lobes and fissures were observed in both the right and left lungs. Moreover, a horizontal fissure was missing from the right lung, resulting in only two lobes. Since lung anatomical variability is common in clinical practice and preclinical imaging studies can miss different morphologies, a deep and accurate knowledge of the anatomical variations of the lung is of extreme importance to avoid difficulties or changes during the surgical procedure.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The presence of bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and its structural components has been described in different healthy animal species and in animals with diseases of the respiratory tract. In contrast to normal mammals, BALT is absent in healthy human adult lungs, but has been found in the lungs of children. The histological characteristics of organized mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), its subsets of immune cells and their in situ distribution in the lung of healthy subadult and adult cattle shows close similarities with BALT in humans and other animal species such as sheep, horses and pigs. This study clearly demonstrates that organized MALT also occurs in the tracheal mucosa of cattle. The absence of tracheal MALT and BALT in calves suggest that these structures are not constitutive. In the mucosa of bovine trachea, bronchi and bronchioli, MHC II<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> and CD11c<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> dendritic cells (DCs) are located in the epithelium and in the lamina propria mucosae. These DCs are already present in calves soon after birth. Examination of tangential epithelial sheets shows that in the bovine tracheal epithelium, like in man and rat, a dense network of MHC II<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> and CD11c<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> DCs exists and that their number is considerably higher than in conventional transverse sections. In the bovine tracheal and bronchial epithelium, MHC II<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> DCs are extending their dendrites towards the lumen indicating that these DCs possibly are involved in sampling of luminal antigens. The presence of significantly higher numbers of MHC II<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> DCs in the tracheal and bronchial/bronchiolar mucosa of older cattle in than in calves possibly results from local stimulation with exogenous antigens during postnatal life. Detection of DCs expressing the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in calves and cattle suggests maturation of DCs, which is most likely induced by stimulation with exogenous antigens.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the cardiovascular system is fundamental in diagnosing pathologies and interpreting exams, such as contrast radiographs. In this context, the present study describes the collateral abdominal aorta artery branches of red‐rumped agouti. Ten red‐rumped agoutis, six males and four females, were assessed. The vascular system was perfused with Neoprene 450 latex coloured with a yellow pigment, dissected and analysed. Three euthanized animals were perfused with a barium sulfate solution (1 g mL<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) associated with latex Neoprene 450 at a 1:3 ratio to obtain contrast‐enhanced radiographs. The abdominal aorta emitted the celiac artery, which in turn originated the left gastric, hepatic and splenic arteries. The second collateral branch comprised the cranial mesenteric artery, followed by the renal arteries, which emitted the adrenal arteries, with the caudal emergence of the gonadal arteries. The caudal mesenteric artery appeared in a caudal direction. The abdominal aorta divided after reaching the pelvic cavity entrance, originating the right and left common iliac arteries. Before its bifurcation, the abdominal aorta dorsocaudally emitted its last collateral branch, the median sacral artery. The collateral branches of the aorta, therefore, resemble previously described rodent patterns, with few variations.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The study aimed to investigate the morphologic aspects of common carp's gill arch and gill rakers (<jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio</jats:italic>, Linnaeus, 1758), an omnivore and highest‐produced aquaculture species. The study used 10 common carp (395.35 ± 45.06 g) grown entirely under aquaculture conditions. The fish tissues were fixed with Glutaraldehyde (2.5%) for scanning electron microscopy and with formalin (10%) for stereomicroscopic examination. In the SEM examination, two types of taste papillae (Type II and Type III) were observed in the pharyngeal mucosa. Microridge‐like structures in the epithelial layer were found to have two forms. The study findings indicate a significant decrease in gill arch lengths from cranial to caudal and a significant increase in rakers per unit area, as determined through digital calliper measurements and stereomicroscopic examinations (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in measurements of gill arches and raker numbers between the bilateral symmetry of the gill arches (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, it was observed that the epithelial structure on the common carp gill arch contained two types of microridge‐like structures: the gill arch length decreased from cranial to caudal, and the rake density on these arches increased caudally.</jats:p>