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<jats:title>Diving into Deep Water</jats:title> <jats:p> The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was one of the largest oil spills on record. Its setting at the bottom of the sea floor posed an unanticipated risk as substantial amounts of hydrocarbons leaked into the deepwater column. Three separate cruises identified and sampled deep underwater hydrocarbon plumes that existed in May and June, 2010—before the well head was ultimately sealed. <jats:bold> Camilli <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="201" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1195223">201</jats:related-article> ; published online 19 August) used an automated underwater vehicle to assess the dimensions of a stabilized, diffuse underwater plume of oil that was 22 miles long and estimated the daily quantity of oil released from the well, based on the concentration and dimensions of the plume. <jats:bold> Hazen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="204" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1195979">204</jats:related-article> ; published online 26 August) also observed an underwater plume at the same depth and found that hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were enriched in the plume and were breaking down some parts of the oil. Finally, <jats:bold> Valentine <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="208" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1196830">208</jats:related-article> ; published online 16 September) found that natural gas, including propane and ethane, were also present in hydrocarbon plumes. These gases were broken down quickly by bacteria, but primed the system for biodegradation of larger hydrocarbons, including those comprising the leaking crude oil. Differences were observed in dissolved oxygen levels in the plumes (a proxy for bacterial respiration), which may reflect differences in the location of sampling or the aging of the plumes. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Slip Sliding Away</jats:title> <jats:p> The initiation of frictional motion, or slip, along ideal surfaces typically behaves as predicted by rupture models. When stress heterogeneities—similar to irregularities in fault zones in Earth's crust—are introduced, rupture propagation speeds are not as well constrained by models. To improve understanding of slip behavior, <jats:bold> Ben-David <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="211" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1194777">211</jats:related-article> ; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6001" page="184" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1196859">Zapperi</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) measured rupture speeds and stress profiles along an extended frictional interface between two polymer blocks. The experiments revealed a slow mode of slip that occurs when the local ratio of shear to normal stress is sufficiently low. The selection and arrest of three distinct modes of rupture depended on the value of the local stress ratio. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Polymer Templating for Metals</jats:title> <jats:p> Polymer templating has been used to fabricate a wide range of ordered materials, both due to the ability to pattern the polymers easily over a large area and their facile removal. However, the process is somewhat limited to the incorporation of materials that will flow easily into the templated areas. <jats:bold> Arora <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="214" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1193369">214</jats:related-article> ) show that current techniques can be extended to the patterning of metals, through guided epitaxial growth. An excimer laser was used to control the flow of material into patterned templates formed from block copolymers. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Polysaccharide Breakdown</jats:title> <jats:p> One of the current challenges in the biofuels industry is achieving efficient bioconversion of complex polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin. Recently, chitin-binding proteins (CBPs) have been identified that potentiate chitin hydrolysis. Now, <jats:bold> Vaaje-Kolstad <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="219" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1192231">219</jats:related-article> ) show that a CBP from the chitinolytic bacterium <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens</jats:italic> appears to catalyze an oxygenase reaction on the surface of crystallized chitin, leading to chain breakage and generating oxidized ends that can be degraded by chitinases. A structurally similar enzyme, GH61, may play a similar role in the degradation of cellulose. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Economic Benefits of Bt Maize</jats:title> <jats:p> Maize containing a transgenically expressed toxin originating from <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis</jats:italic> (Bt maize) is planted across the United States to combat insect herbivory. Non-Bt Maize is also planted alongside Bt maize fields to provide refuges for the insects, which helps to prevent resistance to Bt maize from evolving. <jats:bold> Hutchison <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="222" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1190242">222</jats:related-article> ; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6001" page="189" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1196864">Tabashnik</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) analyzed how Bt maize affected the economic impact of the European corn borer moth in the midwestern United States, as well as its population dynamics. Larval density, a predictor of corn borer population size, has dropped in correlation with the percentage of Bt maize planted. In the highest Bt maize producing state, the positive effects of Bt maize in controlling insect herbivore populations extended to non-Bt maize. Furthermore, the decrease in insect populations demonstrated an overall economic benefit outweighing the overall extra costs associated with planting Bt maize. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Freezing Tolerance Explained</jats:title> <jats:p> Freezing temperatures exact a toll on plant cells through various mechanisms, including disruption of water balances as ice crystals form. Cellular and organelle lipid bilayers are also put under stress. <jats:bold> Moellering <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="226" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1191803">226</jats:related-article> , published online 26 August; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6001" page="185" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1196737">Browse</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) analyzed the function of a protein in the model plant, <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> that, when disrupted, leaves plants more susceptible to damage by freezing. The protein, SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2), shifts and swaps lipid headgroups, altering the chemistry of the chloroplast lipid bilayer membranes to stabilize them during freezing. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Remodeling Gone Awry</jats:title> <jats:p> The identification of genes that are mutated at high frequency in human tumors can provide important clues to the molecular pathways that drive tumor growth, which in turn can potentially lead to more effective therapies. <jats:bold> Jones <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="228" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1196333">228</jats:related-article> , published online 9 September; see the cover) looked for such mutations in ovarian clear cell carcinoma, a rare but particularly lethal form of ovarian cancer. Of 42 tumors examined, 57% were found to harbor inactivating mutations in <jats:italic>ARID1A</jats:italic> , a gene coding for a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, which functions as a master regulator of transcription factor action and gene expression. Thus, proteins associated with the epigenetic control of gene expression can contribute to the development of human cancer. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Location, Location, Location</jats:title> <jats:p> Cell division is orchestrated by a complex signaling pathway that ensures the correct segregation of newly replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells. The pathway is controlled in part by restricting the activity of critical regulators to specific subcellular locations. For example, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is recruited to chromosomes during mitosis where it oversees kinetochore activity and cytokinesis (see Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6001" page="183" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1197261">Musacchio</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ). <jats:bold> Wang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="231" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189435">231</jats:related-article> , published online 12 August), <jats:bold> Kelly <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="235" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189505">235</jats:related-article> , published online 12 August), and <jats:bold> Yamagishi <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="239" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1194498">239</jats:related-article> ) now show that the phosphorylation of the chromatin protein, histone H3, acts to bring the CPC to chromosomes, thereby activating its aurora B kinase subunit. The Survivin subunit of CPC binds specifically to phosphorylated H3, with the phosphorylation at centromeres being carried out by the mitosis-specific kinase, haspin. Furthermore, Bub1 phosphorylation of histone H2A recruits shugoshin, a centromeric CPC adapter. Thus, these two histone marks in combination define the inner centromere. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Location, Location, Location</jats:title> <jats:p> Cell division is orchestrated by a complex signaling pathway that ensures the correct segregation of newly replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells. The pathway is controlled in part by restricting the activity of critical regulators to specific subcellular locations. For example, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is recruited to chromosomes during mitosis where it oversees kinetochore activity and cytokinesis (see Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6001" page="183" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1197261">Musacchio</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ). <jats:bold> Wang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="231" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189435">231</jats:related-article> , published online 12 August), <jats:bold> Kelly <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="235" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189505">235</jats:related-article> , published online 12 August), and <jats:bold> Yamagishi <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="239" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1194498">239</jats:related-article> ) now show that the phosphorylation of the chromatin protein, histone H3, acts to bring the CPC to chromosomes, thereby activating its aurora B kinase subunit. The Survivin subunit of CPC binds specifically to phosphorylated H3, with the phosphorylation at centromeres being carried out by the mitosis-specific kinase, haspin. Furthermore, Bub1 phosphorylation of histone H2A recruits shugoshin, a centromeric CPC adapter. Thus, these two histone marks in combination define the inner centromere. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Location, Location, Location</jats:title> <jats:p> Cell division is orchestrated by a complex signaling pathway that ensures the correct segregation of newly replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells. The pathway is controlled in part by restricting the activity of critical regulators to specific subcellular locations. For example, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is recruited to chromosomes during mitosis where it oversees kinetochore activity and cytokinesis (see Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6001" page="183" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1197261">Musacchio</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ). <jats:bold> Wang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="231" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189435">231</jats:related-article> , published online 12 August), <jats:bold> Kelly <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="235" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1189505">235</jats:related-article> , published online 12 August), and <jats:bold> Yamagishi <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="239" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="330" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1194498">239</jats:related-article> ) now show that the phosphorylation of the chromatin protein, histone H3, acts to bring the CPC to chromosomes, thereby activating its aurora B kinase subunit. The Survivin subunit of CPC binds specifically to phosphorylated H3, with the phosphorylation at centromeres being carried out by the mitosis-specific kinase, haspin. Furthermore, Bub1 phosphorylation of histone H2A recruits shugoshin, a centromeric CPC adapter. Thus, these two histone marks in combination define the inner centromere. </jats:p>