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<jats:p>As U.S. legislation requiring the return of Native American remains to tribes turns 20, a new controversy is threatening the tenuous relations between the scientific and Native American communities.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The small but growing number of Native American archaeologists sometimes find themselves torn between their culture and their profession, as tribal traditions clash with scientific inquiry.</jats:p>

<jats:p> Different cultures have wildly divergent views of their long-dead ancestors, with profound consequences for the kinds of research that can be done. <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> gives a brief roundup of world attitudes toward the study of ancient human remains. </jats:p>

<jats:p>Researchers and Native Americans may be headed for clashes over ancient Paleoindian remains. But in at least one instance, the two communities collaborated—and produced good data to boot.</jats:p>

<jats:p> Ernie LaPointe, great-grandson of famed Lakota warrior Sitting Bull, has entered into an unusual partnership with geneticist Eske Willerslev to analyze DNA from a lock of Sitting Bull's hair. LaPointe spoke with <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> recently; this conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity. </jats:p>

<jats:p>Can DNA help Sitting Bull's great-grandson prove his heritage and find the warrior's remains—while giving science a rare glimpse of an early Native American's genes?</jats:p>