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<jats:p>Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain sense pathogen effectors to enable TIR-encoded nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrolase (NADase) activity for immune signaling. TIR-NLR signaling requires the helper NLRs N requirement gene 1 (NRG1), Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), and Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), which forms a heterodimer with each of its paralogs Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) and Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101). Here, we show that TIR-containing proteins catalyze the production of 2′-(5′′-phosphoribosyl)-5′-adenosine monophosphate (pRib-AMP) and diphosphate (pRib-ADP) in vitro and in planta. Biochemical and structural data demonstrate that EDS1-PAD4 is a receptor complex for pRib-AMP and pRib-ADP, which allosterically promote EDS1-PAD4 interaction with ADR1-L1 but not NRG1A. Our study identifies TIR-catalyzed pRib-AMP and pRib-ADP as a missing link in TIR signaling through EDS1-PAD4 and as likely second messengers for plant immunity.</jats:p>

<jats:p> As threats from climate change become more urgent, the US Supreme Court has responded by erecting a new roadblock to effective climate policy. Last month, it struck down the Clean Power Plan, the Obama administration’s never-implemented regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from existing power plants. The ruling [ <jats:italic>West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency</jats:italic> (EPA)] is a blow to climate action and could signal the court’s hostility to a wide range of future regulations within and beyond the climate and environmental sphere, including those related to consumer protection and worker safety. Although the immediate effects on US climate policy aren’t pervasive, EPA now needs to evaluate the emissions-reduction potential and legal risks of alternative regulatory approaches for the power sector. </jats:p>

<jats:p>The United States has an insatiable desire for technological advancement but is governed by founding documents that are completely unsuited for science and technology. This incongruity has manifested in recent disastrous actions by the US Supreme Court on guns, abortion, and climate. The decisions suggest that the battle is being won by the portion of America who—while lionizing the past and clinging to the infallibility of words written in the late 18th century—can’t put down their cell phones. Reactionary posts on social media wouldn’t get very far without a hundred years of technical advances—and massive amounts of power to recharge mobile device batteries and run the server farms that support the digital world. Because the disconnect between aspects of modern life and the framing of the country’s governance appears inconsequential to the conservative majority of justices in the US Supreme Court, it is vital that the scientific community advocate a political and societal landscape in which compassion and adaptability attend technological progress.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Two viruses plus a child’s genetic background may explain a recent surge in the United Kingdom</jats:p>

<jats:p>Success rates for white scientists far exceed the NSF average, whereas Black and Asian researchers do worse</jats:p>

<jats:p>Giant study of ancient pottery and DNA challenges common evolutionary explanation for lactase persistence</jats:p>

<jats:p>Delayed emissions from black holes that fed on stars earlier could help explain the formation of powerful jets</jats:p>

<jats:p>Two studies predict homogenization of the avian world as climate change and other human impacts continue</jats:p>

<jats:p>Doxycycline reduces risk of sexually transmitted diseases—but will it fuel drug resistance?</jats:p>