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<jats:p>This paper is a survey of current methods for the on-line creation and editing of computer programs and of ordinary manuscripts text. The characteristics of on-line editing systems are examined and examples of various implementations are described in three categories: program editors, text editors, and terminals with local editing facilities.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The proliferation of programming languages has raised many issues of language design, definition, and implementation. This paper presents a series of ten mini-languages, each of which exposes salient features found in existing programming languages. The value of the mini-languages lies in their brevity of description and the isolation of important linguistic features: in particular, the notions of assignment, transfer of control, functions, parameter passing, type checking, data structures, string manipulation, and input/output. The mini-languages may serve a variety of uses: notably, as a pedagogical tool for teaching programming languages, as a subject of study for the design of programming languages, and as a set of test cases for methods of language implementation or formal definition.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The bibliography appearing at the end of this article lists 37 sorting algorithms and 100 books and papers on sorting published in the last 20 years. The basic ideas presented here have been abstracted from this body of work, and the best algorithms known are given as examples. As the algorithms are explained, references to related algorithms and mathematical or experimental analyses are given. Suggestions are then made for choosing the algorithm best suited to a given situation.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The common features of third generation operating systems are surveyed from a general view, with emphasis on the common abstractions that constitute at least the basis for a “theory” of operating systems. Properties of specific systems are not discussed except where examples are useful. The technical aspects of issues and concepts are stressed, the nontechnical aspects mentioned only briefly. A perfunctory knowledge of third generation systems is presumed.</jats:p>