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Although the fossil remains of several conifer species have been found from numerous lowland Eocene sites throughout the very high latitudes (above 75° N), many were rarities, and only Miki appeared to have thrived under the warm and unique lighting conditions of the High Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. To estimate the relative competitiveness of the fossil conifers, mechanical/hydraulic stem attributes, photosynthetic water-use-efficiency and photobiology were compared among extant nearest-living-relatives: Hu Cheng, (D. Don) Endlicher, (L.) Richard, (Staunton D. Don) K. Koch and (Du Roi) K. Koch. Based on these physiological comparisons we conclude that Richard would have been limited primarily by a significant decrease in photosynthetic efficiency when growing under continuous light. Endlicher should have been highly competitive, but was likely limited by its evergreen habit. Endlicher would have been restricted to minor component status by its slow growth rate and short stature. Finally, although Miller demonstrated improved water-use-efficiency under continuous light, it had a less-competitive photobiology than , and sequestered more resources into stem biomass.

First a test was performed to compare allozyme variation in a 52 seedlot collection of Miki imported from China in 1990, versus that in the 1949 Arnold Arboretum collection. The plants in the greenhouse and in a provenance plantation were examined to identify desirable new cultivars for introduction. Six were selected. To determine the best method to propagate these by cuttings, two hormones and eight different months were compared, using a mist bed. The best times of year appeared to be February/March and August/September. Introduction of three new cultivars is planned: a full, vigorous clone, a narrow clone and a weeping clone.

A comprehensive list of cultivars of Hu Cheng is provided together with a brief description of the features that make each cultivar distinct from the type specimen. Included is a list of putative varieties and species that require further study.

Models for resource protection are examined in this chapter, including the program challenges and successes for the redwood forests in California, rainforests in Central and South America, coral reefs in Australia and the giant panda in China. A Conservation Plan is discussed and tools for assessing effectiveness of conservation programs are suggested. In addition, the Appendices include an education plan, a fact sheet, funding sources, international support organizations and an example of an endangered species management plan.