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Essential Cardiology: Principles and Practice

Clive Rosendorff (eds.)

Second Edition.

Resumen/Descripción – provisto por la editorial

No disponible.

Palabras clave – provistas por la editorial

Cardiology

Disponibilidad
Institución detectada Año de publicación Navegá Descargá Solicitá
No detectada 2006 SpringerLink

Información

Tipo de recurso:

libros

ISBN impreso

978-1-58829-370-1

ISBN electrónico

978-1-59259-918-9

Editor responsable

Springer Nature

País de edición

Reino Unido

Fecha de publicación

Información sobre derechos de publicación

© Humana Press Inc. 2006

Tabla de contenidos

Infective Endocarditis

Adolf W. Karchmer

Infective endocarditis (IE) results when microbial agents infect the endothelial surface of the heart. Heart valves are the most common site for this process; however, occasionally infection develops on the low-pressure side of a ventricular septal defect, on chordae tendinae, or on mural endocardium that has been damaged by an aberrant jet of blood or an intracardiac foreign device (trans-venous pacing lead, pulmonary artery catheter). Very rarely a similar process, infective endarteritis, arises when arteriovenous shunts, arterioarterial shunts (patent ductus arteriosus), or a coarctation of the aorta is involved. The cardinal lesion developing at these sites is the vegetation, a mass of platelets and fibrin, engendered by the procoagulant activity of infecting organisms and injured local tissue, wherein are enmeshed the causative microorganism and scant inflammatory cells.

VIII - Valvular Heart Disease | Pp. 565-591

Hypertension

Clive Rosendorff

Cardiovascular disease is by far the leading cause of death, in males and females, in industrialized nations. In the United States this year. about a million deaths will be due to diseases of the heart and circulation, more than twice the number for the next most frequent cause of death, cancer. The most common fatal cardiovascular diseases are coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke; these, together with renovascular disease, all have hypertension as a major risk factor. High blood pressure is therefore a highly lethal disease.

IX - Hypertension | Pp. 595-613

Hypertension Therapy

Norman M. Kaplan

Hypertension is almost always easy to treat but often exceedingly difficult to keep under control. As documented in the latest survey of a representative sample of the US population, more than half of hypertensives are being treated but only 34% have their blood pressure controlled, defined as below 140/90 mmHg on three measurements at two different times (). Although hypertension remains the most common reason for nonpregnant adults to visit a physician in the US (), these disappointing rates of control point to a number of problems: Many hypertensive patients have not been diagnosed or started on treatment, and many physicians have not provided adequate amounts of medications. But the most likely problem is inherent to the nature of hypertension: a lifelong condition that is usually asymptomatic for many years but that requires daily therapy that may in itself induce symptoms.

IX - Hypertension | Pp. 615-637

Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis

Edward K. Kasper

Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle associated with cardiac dysfunction. The World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies has defined five subtypes of cardiomyopathy (): dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and unclassified cardiomyopathies. The term is used in reference to cardiomypathies associated with specific, usually systemic, disorders. Table 1 lists echocardiographic characteristics of the major types of cardiomyopathy.

X - Other Conditions Affecting the Heart | Pp. 641-651

Pericardial Disease

David H. Spodick

The pericardium is a complex, mesothelium-lined serous sac surrounding the heart and clasped externally by a fibrous sac so that the layer on the heart (visceral pericardium) is mesothelium, while the external portion (parietal pericardium) is composed of mesothelium internally and fibrosa externally. Normally, 15 to 35 mL of serous fluid surrounds the heart. The normal microphysiology of the visceral and parietal pericardia is complex and is discussed in detail elsewhere (). The pericardium is involved in every known kind of disease, and abnormal fluid accumulation in it frequently seriously compromises cardiac function (tamponade) and raises important questions in differential diagnosis and treatment.

X - Other Conditions Affecting the Heart | Pp. 653-659

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Dermot O’Callaghan; Sean P. Gaine

Disorders of the pulmonary circulation constitute a diverse group of conditions that arise primarily either from within the lung (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension [IPAH]), or as a consequence of diseases that originate outside the lungs (e.g., pulmonary embolism [PE]). This chapter will outline the major causes of pulmonary vascular disease and describe the chief complications of these disorders—pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.

X - Other Conditions Affecting the Heart | Pp. 661-680

Diseases of the Aorta

Eric M. Isselbacher

The largest artery in the body, the aorta receives blood pumps from the left ventricle and distributes it distally to the branch arteries. While it is one continuous vessel, its segments have been distinguished anatomically. The aorta begins in the anterior mediastinum above the aortic valve as the ascending aorta, the most proximal portion of which is also called the aortic root. This is followed in the superior mediastinum by the aortic arch, which gives rise to the brachiocephalic arteries. The descending thoracic aorta then courses in the posterior mediastinum to the level of the diaphragm, after which it becomes the abdominal aorta that then bifurcates distally into the common iliac arteries.

X - Other Conditions Affecting the Heart | Pp. 681-690

Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease

Samuel C. B. Siu; Jack M. Colman

During pregnancy, hormonally mediated changes in blood volume, red cell mass, and heart rate result in a 50% increase in intravascular volume and cardiac output, peaking during the second trimester and remaining constant through the remainder of the pregnancy (). Gestational hormones, circulating prostaglandins, and the low-resistance vascular bed in the placenta result in concomitant decreases in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. During labor and delivery, pain and uterine contractions result in additional increases in cardiac output and blood pressure. Immediately following delivery, relief of caval compression and autotransfusion from the emptied and contracted uterus produce a further increase in cardiac output. The hemodynamic changes of pregnancy persist for at least several days postpartum and may not fully resolve until the sixth postpartum month.

XI - Additional Topics | Pp. 693-704

Heart Disease in the Elderly

Michael W. Rich

The 20th century has seen a dramatic shift in the demographics of the US population, as average life expectancy at birth has increased from approx 49 yr in 1900 to almost 80 yr today. As a result, both the absolute number and the relative proportion of older individuals in the population has increased exponentially, and these trends are expected to continue well into the current century. Of particular note is that the “oldest old,” defined as individuals aged 85 yr or older, is the most rapidly growing segment of the US population.

XI - Additional Topics | Pp. 705-727

Cardiovascular Complications in Patients With Renal Disease

Richard A. Preston; Simon Chakko; Murray Epstein

The heart and kidney are invariably intertwined. Heart failure is associated with the important alterations in renal hemodynamics and function that constitute a major problem of clinical management. Conversely, in chronic renal disease, rarely does the heart escape consequences. Cardiovascular complications comprise the major cause of death in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. The effects of chronic renal failure on the heart are diverse and involve numerous anatomical and functional aspects of the cardiovascular system.

XI - Additional Topics | Pp. 729-746