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Essential Cardiology: Principles and Practice

Clive Rosendorff (eds.)

Second Edition.

Resumen/Descripción – provisto por la editorial

No disponible.

Palabras clave – provistas por la editorial

Cardiology

Disponibilidad
Institución detectada Año de publicación Navegá Descargá Solicitá
No detectada 2006 SpringerLink

Información

Tipo de recurso:

libros

ISBN impreso

978-1-58829-370-1

ISBN electrónico

978-1-59259-918-9

Editor responsable

Springer Nature

País de edición

Reino Unido

Fecha de publicación

Información sobre derechos de publicación

© Humana Press Inc. 2006

Tabla de contenidos

Congenital Heart Disease

Julien I. E. Hoffman

Major chromosomal abnormalities account for 5 to 8% of congenital heart disease (CHD). A few congenital anomalies are due to teratogens such as alcohol, lithium, or retinoic acid, or to single gene defects. Most, however, are due to the interplay of genetic abnormalities with environmental factors or chance.

VI - Congenital Heart Disease | Pp. 393-406

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Prediman K. Shah

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and much of the industrialized world and is rapidly gaining the same dubious distinction in the developing world (). Atherosclerosis involves the development of a plaque composed of variable amounts of connective tissue matrix (collagen, proteoglycans, glycoseaminoglycans), vascular smooth muscle cells, lipoproteins, calcium, inflammatory cells (chiefly monocyte-derived macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells) and new blood vessels (neoangiogenesis). The precise etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are incompletely understood but an emerging paradigm suggests that atherosclerosis may reflect a chronic inflammatory response to vascular injury caused by a variety of agents that activate or injure endothelium, or promote lipoprotein infiltration, lipoprotein retention, and lipoprotein oxidation ().

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 409-418

Risk Factors and Prevention, Including Hyperlipidemias

Antonio M. Gotto; John Farmer

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women (). However, great strides have been made in the field of preventive cardiology over the past decade, that, combined with the significant advances in revascularization technologies, have enhanced the clinician’s ability to manage patients across the spectrum of atherosclerosis, from subclinical coronary heart disease (CHD) to congestive heart failure. Additionally, advances in noninvasive and invasive imaging have improved the capacity to diagnose the presence and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaque. Hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia remain the major remediable risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. This chapter will briefly review the major risk factors for CHD, then place a special emphasis on the management of lipid disorders based on the 2001 iteration of guidelines from the US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), which stress the management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as the primary target of lipid therapy ().

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 419-437

Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia

Robert J. Henning; Ray A. Olsson

Technical advances over the past few years now enable clinicians to measure coronary blood flow velocity () and myocardial perfusion (). Such measurements confirm in humans the concepts of coronary physiology developed through animal investigations. This chapter summarizes important coronary physiological principles as the basis for discussing myocardial ischemia.

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 439-449

Stable Angina

Satya Reddy Atmakuri; Michael H. Gollob; Neal S. Kleiman

As the 21 st century progresses, the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) will reach epidemic proportions in both the Western and the developing world. In the US alone, it is estimated that more than 11 million people have CAD (). As our population ages, and as the frequency of diabetes increases (), these numbers will be expected to increase exponentially. The associated morbidity and costs exceed those of any other chronic disease in modern society. While tremendous progress in diagnostic techniques as well as in medical and interventional management has occurred over recent decades, the impetus for more novel strategies remains.

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 451-470

Unstable Angina and Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Acute Coronary Syndromes)

Satya Reddy Atmakuri; Neal S. Kleiman

Approximately 8 million patients present annually to the emergency room with symptoms of acute chest pain. Of these, 2 million turn out to have a cardiac cause resulting in hospitalization. Fewer than 10% of these patients have ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (). Since the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the electrocardiogram are poor in this setting, there is a strong impetus for effective emergency room stratification. The spectrum of “acute coronary syndromes” includes unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction as the clinical presentations. The distinction between these syndromes is usually made retrospectively based on biochemical markers, and hence, initial treatment strategies are identical. The diagnosis of unstable angina excludes external factors that may exacerbate the symptoms of coronary ischemia, such as severe anemia, thyrotoxicosis, and tachyarrhythmias.

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 471-487

ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Rajat Deo; Christopher P. Cannon; James A. de Lemos

Management of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been transformed in the last 20 yr by the results of large, prospective, randomized trials. Advances have been made in all components of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) management, from primary and secondary prevention to prehospital care, acute reperfusion therapy, adjunctive medical therapy, and management of complications. Despite this progress, however, acute MI remains the most common cause of death in industrialized nations; in addition, while mortality rates have been falling, the incidence of new infarction has not fallen in concert. The long-term consequences of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias, consume a large and growing proportion of health care resources. Thus, there is great need for continued progress in the prevention and treatment of acute MI.

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 489-520

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Joseph P. Ornato

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to unexpected cardiac arrest in adults claims the lives of an estimated 400,000 to 460,000 adult Americans each year (). Most episodes of unexpected SCD in adults occur in the home. The most common victim is a male who is 50 to 75 yr of age. The majority of SCD victims have underlying structural heart disease, usually in the form of coronary atherosclerosis and/or cardiomegaly. Although 75% of SCD victims have significant atherosclerotic narrowing (>75%) in one or more major coronary artery, fewer than half of all sudden deaths occur during an acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 521-530

Rehabilitation After Acute MI

Fredric J. Pashkow

Cardiac rehabilitation as practiced today is a synthesis of exercise training, risk factor modification, psychosocial support, and education for the purpose of facilitating readaptation to normal life via improved functional performance and coronary heart disease risk factors.

VII - Coronary Artery Disease | Pp. 531-541

Rheumatic Fever and Valvular Heart Disease

Edmund A. W. Brice; Patrick J. Commerford

Rheumatic fever causes most cases of acquired heart disease in children and young adults worldwide. It is generally classified as a collagen vascular disease where the inflammatory insult is directed mainly against the tissues of the heart, joints, and the central nervous system. The inflammatory response, which is characterized by fibrinoid degeneration of collagen fibrils and connective tissue ground substance, is triggered by a throat infection with Group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GAS). The destructive effects on cardiac valve tissue accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality seen in the disease through the serious hemodynamic disturbances produced.

VIII - Valvular Heart Disease | Pp. 545-563