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As scientists we have to stick to the scientific guidelines when creating definitions, whether they are scientifically correct or not and the definitions must adhere to linguistic meanings, otherwise once mistakes are made it becomes very difficult to rectify them. It is unfortunate that the terminology used in publications may become part of textbooks misleading young minds and future scientists, whom we have the responsibility to educate with an open mind, without leading to any assumption. This requires respect of the previous use of terms to describe the same phenomenon yet the terms, which are introduced must be flexible enough to accommodate definitions as our knowledge base broadens by the development of new technologies that may not be currently available.

It is certainly hoped that this attempt to correct the terminology will be recognized by colleagues as a friendly suggestion and will be used in coming publications to further avoid any confusion that may arise by using synonyms to describe different phenomenon and every attempt to correct this error should be made.

The growth of new blood vessels is a critical factor in many human diseases including cancer, ischemic injury and wound healing. De novo vessel formation or vasculogenesis was thought to take place solely in the embryo from mesodermal progenitor cells, whereas the vasculature in postnatal life was considered to undergo remodeling through expansion of pre-existing endothelial cells, or angiogenesis. Current evidence suggests that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) also exist in adult organisms as circulating cells originating in the bone marrow. They can be mobilized after vascular trauma, myocardial infarction, tissue injury, or during peripheral vascular disease, by a number of growth factors and chemokines like VEGF, GM-CSF, G-CSF and SDF-1. EPCs do not appear to represent a distinct or homogeneous cell population, but they are defined as cells that can give rise to endothelial progeny under certain circumstances in culture or in vivo. EPCs enhance tissue revascularization by contributing to new vessels and stimulating local angiogenesis, thus offering novel ways to regulate vascular growth. Results from the first clinical studies using mostly bone marrow stem cells as a source of EPCs have been encouraging, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells. This review summarizes the role of EPCs in the formation of new blood vessels and provides an outline of their biological characteristics and potential use in the clinical setting

The results described in this brief review provide fertile ground for future analyses of the presence or absence or sequence variation of certain genes in particular species or within populations of conifers and of overall expression patterns of and other genes in the pathways affecting terpenoid biosynthesis and ultimately resin composition, volatile emission, and defense against insects and pathogens in conifers. The multigene families in conifers can be explored for development of SNPs and other markers potentially associated with variation in defenses and resistance to insect pests or pathogens in conifers. Such work ought to be carried out in terms of what is already known about tree biochemical, anatomical, and physiological responses, terpenoid toxicity, insect behavior before and during colonization of host trees, and differential host preferences. An approach that takes into account the multigenic nature of terpenoid defenses in conifers will doubtless shed more light on the coevolutionary relationship between bark beetles and their host trees, and will provide new tools for monitoring and managing these economically and ecologically important conifer—insect interactions.

Though resistance and susceptibility to pathogens are often specific and biochemicals determining this specificity have specific structures and receptors, nonspecific agents and multiple signals and pathways for their transduction can also induce resistance to unrelated pathogens and toxicants. This makes the possibility of finding additional effective agents for ISR and disease control highly promising. The agents need not be patented, expensive, or complex. Much more research is needed on the use of ISR agents to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides and enhance utilization of high-yielding plants that presently have a level of resistance that is inadequate for disease control under high pathogen pressure. ISR does not depend upon introducing genes into the plants, and it would not meet the resistance from the public engendered by genetically modified plants. ISR should be increasingly incorporated into integrated pest management practices. Increased funding and information exchange is needed to better utilize and direct the rapidly emerging information concerning signals, receptors, signal transduction, and gene expression for the practical control of plant disease.

Over the past two decades, a number of different approaches have been considered by plant pathologists toward enhancing plant disease resistance. Among these, the use of non-specific resistance elicitors as part of an integrated disease control strategy offers exciting opportunities. However, it is clear that unequivocal answers to key questions, including the stability and persistence of the induced host response, the efficiency of such agents, products and/or molecules under commercial conditions, and their suitability in an integrated crop protection system, need to be answered before elicitors can be considered as powerful crop protectants. In spite of these limitations, the recent advances in our fundamental understanding of the nature of microbially- and chitosan-mediated induced resistance in plants highlights the great potential of induced resistance in plant protection. The demonstration that pathogen growth and development were restricted or even halted and that structural and biochemical barriers were elaborated in plant tissues underlying areas of pathogen penetration gives reason to believe that induced resistance may be active against a wide array of pathogens and even insects, thereby increasing the level of resistance. It is clear that exploiting plant induced resistance as an alternative strategy of disease and pest management clearly meets with the current needs toward sustainable agriculture at a lower environmental cost. However, coordinated research efforts are still needed to develop programmes dealing with molecular genetic analyses, formulation studies, and large-scale experiments.

As scientists we have to stick to the scientific guidelines when creating definitions, whether they are scientifically correct or not and the definitions must adhere to linguistic meanings, otherwise once mistakes are made it becomes very difficult to rectify them. It is unfortunate that the terminology used in publications may become part of textbooks misleading young minds and future scientists, whom we have the responsibility to educate with an open mind, without leading to any assumption. This requires respect of the previous use of terms to describe the same phenomenon yet the terms, which are introduced must be flexible enough to accommodate definitions as our knowledge base broadens by the development of new technologies that may not be currently available.

It is certainly hoped that this attempt to correct the terminology will be recognized by colleagues as a friendly suggestion and will be used in coming publications to further avoid any confusion that may arise by using synonyms to describe different phenomenon and every attempt to correct this error should be made.

As scientists we have to stick to the scientific guidelines when creating definitions, whether they are scientifically correct or not and the definitions must adhere to linguistic meanings, otherwise once mistakes are made it becomes very difficult to rectify them. It is unfortunate that the terminology used in publications may become part of textbooks misleading young minds and future scientists, whom we have the responsibility to educate with an open mind, without leading to any assumption. This requires respect of the previous use of terms to describe the same phenomenon yet the terms, which are introduced must be flexible enough to accommodate definitions as our knowledge base broadens by the development of new technologies that may not be currently available.

It is certainly hoped that this attempt to correct the terminology will be recognized by colleagues as a friendly suggestion and will be used in coming publications to further avoid any confusion that may arise by using synonyms to describe different phenomenon and every attempt to correct this error should be made.

As scientists we have to stick to the scientific guidelines when creating definitions, whether they are scientifically correct or not and the definitions must adhere to linguistic meanings, otherwise once mistakes are made it becomes very difficult to rectify them. It is unfortunate that the terminology used in publications may become part of textbooks misleading young minds and future scientists, whom we have the responsibility to educate with an open mind, without leading to any assumption. This requires respect of the previous use of terms to describe the same phenomenon yet the terms, which are introduced must be flexible enough to accommodate definitions as our knowledge base broadens by the development of new technologies that may not be currently available.

It is certainly hoped that this attempt to correct the terminology will be recognized by colleagues as a friendly suggestion and will be used in coming publications to further avoid any confusion that may arise by using synonyms to describe different phenomenon and every attempt to correct this error should be made.

As scientists we have to stick to the scientific guidelines when creating definitions, whether they are scientifically correct or not and the definitions must adhere to linguistic meanings, otherwise once mistakes are made it becomes very difficult to rectify them. It is unfortunate that the terminology used in publications may become part of textbooks misleading young minds and future scientists, whom we have the responsibility to educate with an open mind, without leading to any assumption. This requires respect of the previous use of terms to describe the same phenomenon yet the terms, which are introduced must be flexible enough to accommodate definitions as our knowledge base broadens by the development of new technologies that may not be currently available.

It is certainly hoped that this attempt to correct the terminology will be recognized by colleagues as a friendly suggestion and will be used in coming publications to further avoid any confusion that may arise by using synonyms to describe different phenomenon and every attempt to correct this error should be made.