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Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand representatives of the red algal order Gelidiales have been examined using L sequence data. Extensive field collections have been made from throughout the New Zealand region. Six genera have been reported previously from New Zealand (). This research has revealed species with very restricted local distributions, as well as the discovery of several undescribed, cryptic taxa. The common and widespread is confirmed to be more closely related to than to other species of . The generic concept of , based on life history characters, will need to be modified to accommodate additional species possessing “” life histories. A species endemic to New Zealand, , has been found to differ significantly from all other members of the Gelidiales and requires reclassification in another genus and order. Examination of field collections and herbarium specimens in addition to molecular sequence data have led us to conclude that specimens previously placed in the genera and belong within .

Yamada is the currently accepted name for the invasive red alga that is present on coasts of the North Atlantic. Previously considered as (Montagne) M.A. Howe, populations of this invasive species were examined and their taxonomic position revised using molecular and morphological techniques. It was also thought that similar invasive populations in the Mediterranean should be identified as . This investigation used L based molecular analyses to clarify the taxonomic position of from the Straits of Messina. Our results indicate that this population is neither nor . It was placed separately in all analyses and grouped consistently with other species from the Pacific. On the basis of molecular data from this and previous investigations, it is evident that the status of the foliose Atlantic and Mediterranean entities is still unclear and a re-evaluation of the old names connected to them should be undertaken.

Four flattened species have been reported from Taiwan: and , identified based on branching pattern, the presence or absence of spines, and characters that often vary seasonally. was originally described from the type locality, Tainan. Species with toothed margins are usually referred to ; those with smooth margins to , and those with smooth margins and dark spots scattered over the blade to . Molecular analyses show that specimens with marginal teeth cluster in three different groups: a clade, a clade, and a clade sister to . An undescribed species comprises the third clade, which is distinguished by its relatively large gonimoblast cells and weakly developed tubular nutritive cells. The three clades can be separated by the character of the tubular nutritive cells, the size of gonimoblast cells and certain vegetative features. Plants with entire margins form a single clade characterized by cystocarps with basal tubular nutritive cells and their absence in the cystocarp cavity. They are nested in the complex and are referred to as here. The records of and from Taiwan require reinvestigation in comparison with the Japanese species.

sp. nov. (Rhodophyta) is described from Korea. This species exhibits vegetative and reproductive structures typical of the genus, but is distinct from similar species in its epiphytic habitat and the fleshy, robust, thick and subcompressed thalli with basically distichous branching. In addition, it is readily distinguished from the most similar species, such as Yamada and Yamada, by the cystocarps with a somewhat protuberant ostiole. In a phylogenetic analysis of 47 species of the Lamouroux complex from various localities around the world based on 49 morphological characters, four major clades ( (Yamada) Nam group, (Yamada) Garbary et Harper group and Stackhouse assemblage), each of which forms a monophyletic group, were recognized. Among these, the clade is basal to the overall assemblage, and is defined by the vegetative axis with four rather than two pericentral cells. The clade is supported by autapomorphic characters for the genus, features associated with spermatangial formation of the filament type and tetrasporangial production from epidermal cells. By contrast, , a genus characterized by a combination of features (vegetative axis with two pericentral cells, trichoblast-type spermatangial development and tetrasporangial production from pericentral cells), is paraphyletic, and the species were separated into two well-supported clades, the group and group. These clades are distinguished from each other by the position of the first pericentral cell relative to the trichoblast, the presence or absence of fertility at the second pericentral cells and number of sterile pericentral cells in the tetrasporangial axis, the pattern of formation of spermatangial branches on trichoblasts, post-fertilization feature associated with the formation time of the auxiliary cell, and, probably, the number of pericentral cells in the procarp-bearing segment. Of these features, the side position of the first pericentral cell in the latter group (a synapomorphy for the group plus ) suggests that the group is more closely related to than to the group. This cladistic analysis indicates that is not monophyletic, suggesting that the group should be separated from at the genus level. Based on this result, (Yamada) stat. nov. is proposed for the group, together with an emendation of the generic delineation of , and relevant nomenclatural changes for several species are also included. In addition, J. Agardh is reinstated for the type species Sonder.