Catálogo de publicaciones - libros

Lentil has been an important source of protein in many countries where it has been grown for many centuries. In traditional growing regions, lentils are often grown with little or no inputs like fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides on small farms to supply food for the local people. Production and profitability on these farms contrasts with that on farms in more developed countries where lentils have only been grown for a short period and is export orientated

Lentil ( Medik.) is an important winter season grain legume grown worldwide in semi-arid regions. Although lentil has been an important crop for centuries, very little attention has been paid in terms of genetic research until recently. A few centers around the world, including India, have started systematic work on genetic and linkage studies in lentil. Inheritance studies involving about three-dozen morphological markers have been completed. A comprehensive linkage map involving molecular markers and a few morphological markers has been developed. In the present paper, an effort has been made to comprehend the current status and recent advances made in terms of genetic, cytogenetic, linkage studies and other related aspects in lentil. The strategies for future research have also been outlined

When genetic variability is narrowed using traditional breeding methods for a long period, induced mutations are one of the most important approaches for broadening the genetic variation in lentil to circumvent the bottleneck conditions. The aim of this chapter is to review lentil breeding using induced mutations from the beginning of mutation breeding work to the present and to list the outcomes of mutagenesis works on lentils. The number of mutant varieties of all species officially released and recorded in the Food and Agricultural Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) Mutant Varieties Database is over 2300. From these mutant varieties, more than 265 grain legume cultivars have been developed using induced mutations and have subsequently been released. Gamma rays were the most frequently used technique to alter genes. Many mutant lentils have been mentioned in the available literature while seven mutants have been released for commercial production so far. Mutant lentils have now contributed several million dollars annually to global agriculture. Several specific regional problems in lentil production areas have been coped with using mutant lentil cultivars. Fundamental genetics, physiological and molecular studies will also be come to light using mutant lentils

Wild species of the genus Lens are an important source of genetic variation for breeding lentil varieties adaptable to new environments and tolerant of biotic and abiotic stresses. The wild species are endemic to a wide range of environments and possess many diverse characteristics. Lens species can be divided into three groups, a primary, secondary and tertiary gene pool, according to their inter-crossability. Crosses between members of the different genepools generally fail because the hybrid embryos abort. However, embryo rescue has been used successfully to obtain viable hybrids between groups. It is possible to intercross most of the wild Lens species with cultivated lentils using plant growth regulators and/or embryo rescue to allow the growth of hybrid plants. Other biotechnology techniques which may impact on lentil breeding include, micropropagation using meristamatic explants, callus culture and regeneration, protoplast culture and doubled haploid production. Micropropagation and regeneration from callus culture are relatively well established techniques with further research required for the development of reliable protoplast regeneration and doubled haploid protocols

Lentil breeding has a relatively short history, however, since the inception of the ICARDA breeding program in 1977 substantial gains have been made in overcoming regional bottlenecks in germplasm diversity. This program has since been supplemented by breeding programs in both developing (eg India) and developed countries (Australia and Canada). These programs have had substantial success in improving tolerance to both biotic (disease) and abiotic stress as well as improving regional adaptation. The Australian breeding program is detailed indicating differences and similarities with other programs. In recent years the need to concurrently develop agronomic approaches and breeding has lead to a greater collaboration among breeders and agronomists

The need for adaptation to environments is modified by a need to yield well across a range of seasons and changing microenvironments that can lead to large genotype environment interactions. These interactions may be linked to specific physiological or other traits of the plant which are under genetic control and may be understood. Consequently, different breeding schemes (e.g., farmer participation or research station directed) may be needed in different situations. Similarly under different agro-ecological situations different types of plants may need to be selected (e.g., well watered vs. rainfed). A range of possible factors that affect the ideal adaptation and approach are discussed in this chapter as a means to better understand the process of lentil adaptation that has taken place and continues to take place around the world

Lentil is a self-pollinating diploid (2n=14 chromosomes) annual cool season grain legume produced as a high protein food source throughout the world. Several lentil genome maps are available and recent progress towards a consensus map has been made by employing robust locus markers that are derived from the model legume and other legume genomes. Such markers are co-dominant and will likely be useful across a broad lentil genetic background for marker-assisted trait selection. Candidate trait-associated genes are under investigation, particularly for disease resistance, and these are soon likely to become available for validation against pathogen populations and in differing environments using transgenic approaches. For this, reliable transformation systems have been developed. However, further effort is required to develop a robust and high-throughput full regeneration system for transformant lentil plants. The near future of Lensomics will include further candidate gene characterisation through transcriptome and reverse genetic techniques. These studies will be conducted to uncover genes responsive to biotic and abiotic stimuli as well as those governing desirable seed quality traits, such as size, shape and colour. Furthermore, proteomic and metabolomic approaches will be employed to derive information on the functional mechanisms involved

Fungal diseases of lentils are the most important biological constraint to productivity. (ascochyta blight) and f. sp. (fusarium wilt) are the major fungal pathogens that can cause severe losses in most lentil growing regions of the world. Fungal diseases such as botrytis grey mould ( and ), rust (), stemphylium blight (), and anthracnose () are also important in some growing seasons in particular countries when environmental conditions are conducive for infection. Lentil plants can also be infected by a range of viruses but generally the affect on yield is not as great as that caused by fungal pathogens. Lentil yellows disease caused by bean leaf roll virus (BLRV), beet western yellows virus (BWYV), or subterranean clover red leaf virus (SCRLV) is widespread throughout the world. Other important virus diseases of lentil include bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), pea seed borne mosaic (PSbMV), cucumber mosaic (CMV), alfalfa mosaic (AMV) and broad bean stain (BBSV). Integrated disease management practices including use of resistant cultivars, modified cultural practices and use of fungicides or insecticides can reduce the impact of these diseases on lentil production

There has been a large focus on biotic stresses in lentil as these cause obvious and serious reductions in yield and quality. However, increasingly abiotic stresses are being identified as major factors involved in the low and unreliable yield of lentils in many countries. Within each growing region, variations in climate, soils,and interactions between climate and soil affect lentil productivity and quality directly, or indirectly though their influence on foliar and soil borne diseases, pests and rhizobia. Furthermore, the impact of a specific stress can be influence by the relative tolerance of a cultivar and/or effect of particular cultural control methods

Lentil is one of the world’s most important food plants and is particularly so in North Africa and South Asia and parts of North America, Europe and Australia. Consequently the crop is exposed to a broad spectrum of insect species in a wide variety of locations. The management of insect pests of the crop is crucial to optimizing production. The major insect pests of lentil in the field are aphids (), leaf weevils (spp.), Lygus bugs, (spp.), and the Cutworm, (). Several other insect species are considered as minor field pests which are also noteworthy and include Thrips (), Bud weevils (), the pea moth, (), pod borers, ( spp.), Lima-bean pod borer, (), root aphids () and leaf miners ( spp. and spp.). The most serious and frequently encountered insect pests of the stored grain are Bruchus and with and C. also widespread. This chapter describes the morphology, lifecycle and crop damage caused by each of the insects pest species on lentil and provides detailed descriptions of management options for each species with references for each recommended action. For most insect species the use of pesticides is the primary management option. However, for some species, there are known sources of host plant resistance, as well as other integrated pest management options including biological control (e.g., beneficial insect predators and biological pesticides) and cultural practices, that can be used to help manage the pests and where known these are also described