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This paper describes the development of strong-motion observation networks constructed by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan, in the last quarter of a century. In 1974 to 1975, we first constructed a down-hole array at the IWT station, where tri-axial negative feedback accelerometers were installed at the depths of 3,510m, 108m, and free surface, respectively. Since then NIED has continued to construct various kinds of strong-motion observation networks from 1976 to 1995 (first stage) and now has operated two nation-wide networks, K-NET and KiK-net (second stage). The aim of the present paper is to show the state-of-the-art of strong-motion observation networks in Japan.

This paper describes the dense strong-motion array in the city of Yokohama, Japan. The strong-motion array, which consists of 150 stations in the area of about 400 km, has been originally planned for disaster management of the city. Based on the array which can report the ground motion intensity data immediately after an event, the real-time seismic hazard and risk assessment system is developed for emergency response. The data from the array are also used for ground motion studies which contribute to seismic hazard assessment of the city. In order to improve earthquake awareness and preparedness of citizens, seismic hazard and risk maps for scenario earthquakes are prepared.

The COSMOS VDC is a comprehensive, unrestricted, on-line, interactive strong ground-motion search engine for engineers, seismologists, and other earthquake professionals which implements a variety of search interfaces and allows users to preview data and configure design spectra overlays on response spectra. Users may download data files from data providers’ servers transparently through this web portal: .

Within the western segment of the Northanatolian fault zone two strong damaging earthquakes occurred on August 17 (Ms 7.8) and November 12, 1999 (Ms 7.4). Immediately after both earthquakes seismic stations were temporarily installed within the disaster-struck area. The recording stations provided a unique and comprehensive data base of near-field aftershocks, establishing the basis for elaborating subsoil-dependent attenuation laws for peak ground acceleration as well as spectral accelerations.In addition to the aftershock records of the strong motion stations of German TaskForce for Earthquakes 145 triaxial acceleration records of main- and aftershocks (rock 6, stiff 36, soft 103) from the 1999 Turkey earthquakes provided by the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) and the General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (AFET) could be implied. Attenuation functions were elaborated for different data sets considering the impact of data composition, lower magnitude bound, source depth and subsoil conditions. Predicted peak ground accelerations (PGA) and horizontal spectral accelerations are remarkably lower than those from attenuation functions mainly derived from European strong motion records.The different data sets lead to similar spectra. For shorter and longer periods data set of German TaskForce (being dominated by near-field records of lower magnitude) is slightly underestimating the results. Nevertheless, the results can be applied for a realistic and site-dependent prediction of design spectra and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment.

Development and current status of the strong ground motion measurement and interpretation in China are described.

Earthquakes occur frequently in Taiwan. A modern seismological program was initiated there in early 1970’s, with strong motion instrumentation as an integral component. We present here an overview of the strong motion networks and arrays deployed in past thirty years by two major operators, the Institute of Earth Sciences of Academia Sinica and the Seismology Center of Central Weather Bureau. The strong motion networks and arrays deployed by the former include SMA1 network, SMART1 array, LLSST array, SMART2 array, HLLST array, CMSMA network, and Taipei basin downhole array. The strong motion networks deployed by the latter include TSMIP networks that include free-field stations, structural arrays, the RTD network, and Taiwan railroad system. These dense networks and special arrays have recorded large quantity of valuable data that greatly accelerated development of seismology in Taiwan. We also highlight some examples of data applications, including studies of ground motion attenuation by the TSMIP free-field data, of nonlinear soil amplification effects by the LLSST downhole array data, of permanent changes in structural response of a damaged building due to the Chi-Chi earthquake by the TSMIP structural array data, and of the Chelungpu fault rupture propagation by the SMART2 data.

The strong ground motion network operated by Boğazici University in and around İstanbul has been described, including the rapid response and early warning system, structural instrumentation, instrument calibration and, processing, availability and utilization of the data.