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The objective of the state regulatory authority is to ensure that the use of nuclear energy is implemented in compliance with nuclear safety, security and safeguards.

This panel addresses future perspectives in the field of nuclear safeguards and identifies the main current and upcoming challenges from a technological viewpoint, but also in terms of human resources availability and capacity.

The speakers in the previous session have highlighted the history and importance of nuclear safeguards, and, very importantly, the synergies between safeguards and security.

Nuclear Safeguards is a well-established activity which at the same time continues to be under constant evolution and challenges, both at world level by the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna and at regional level e.g. by the European Commission Nuclear Safeguards Directorate (Euratom). This paper presents some of the major challenges, both for the nuclear safeguards inspectors and for the inspection regime itself, and hints towards potential solutions, based on currently ongoing research and development and several in-field trials and validations.

This session was focused to overviews by Professor Paolo Cotta Ramusino of the Status of Nuclear Nonproliferation, by Dr. Remo Chiappini of the French National Perspective on Nuclear Non-Proliferation, and by H.E. Amb. Merav Zafary-Odiz of the Israeli National Perspective on Nuclear Non-Proliferation.

The risks of nuclear proliferation are summarily discussed. First, we consider the risks of nuclear proliferation that are related to the structure of the Non-proliferation Treaty. Then we discuss the risks specifically related to the Middle East and to North East Asia. The uncertain status of the Iranian nuclear deal, and its implications for nuclear proliferation, are considered. There are also specific proliferation risks associated with the practice of deploying nuclear weapons on territories of non-nuclear-weapon states. Finally, the relation between the NPT and the Nuclear Ban Treaty is considered.

As a permanent member of the United Nation Security Council and nuclear weapon state under the terms of the NPT, France has particular responsibilities for the preservation and the strengthening of international peace and security. Actions are conducted, in the first instance, through multilateral mechanisms.

Israel is subject to multiple regional threats. In Israel’s view, since its threats are regional in nature, non-proliferation issues are closely linked to the regional context. It therefore considers mostly regional considerations rather than global ones when devising its non-proliferation policies.

This session was devoted to an overview by Dr. Ali Akbar Salehi of the Iranian nuclear-weapon nonproliferation policy, by General Khalid Ahmad Kidwai of the nuclear-weapon policy of Pakistan, and by Professor Harald Muller of the general international status of the nuclear nonproliferation issue.

It is a distinct pleasure to join all of you in this important Conference. Let me, at the very outset, seize the opportunity to express my deep appreciation to the organizers of the Conference for the kind invitation.