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Polyester filters are produced and widely used in various countries for removal of dust from air. The process of filter production includes their treatment by acrylonitrilic emulsion for improving their mechanical characteristics. We have developed the technology of modification of polyester filters for production of ion-exchange and carbonic fibroid sorbents. The production of cation-exchange sorbents involved the treatment of ppolyester fibroid filters by a 20–25% solution of NHNHHO at 70–90°C and a 5% solution of NaOH at 40°C. Anion-exchange sorbents were made by treatment of cation-exchange sorbents with a 1–5% solution of polyethylenimine at ambient temperature. These new types of sorbents are used for the removal of radionuclides, heavy metal ions, and organic contaminants from wastewater and drinking water. We have investigated the main properties of these sorbents and their ability to remove Co, Co, Zn, Sr, Sr, Cs, Cs, and other radionuclides, heavy metal ions (Zn, Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb, Cd, Cr, U, etc.), organic molecules M (pesticides, phenols, dioxins, benzene, toluene, etc.), radio-labeled organic molecules M-P, M-I, M-Mo+Tc, M-C, etc. The influence of pH and concentration of K, Na and other ions on percentage removal, as well as the decrease of saturation capacity with increasing number of regenerations and other characteristics are described. The static exchange capacity is 1–2 meq/g for cationic sorbents and 0.5–1 meq/g for anionic sorbents. The capacity of the carbonic sorbents for removal of benzene is 100 mg/g. The developed sorbents are effective in removing low concentrations of contaminants from water (lower than 100–200 mg/L).

At present, newly developed ion-exchange and carbonic sorbents are used as drinking water filters and mini-systems for removing organic and inorganic contaminants. The sorbents described are also used for removing heavy metal ions from effluents from electroplating plants (Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Sb, Sn, etc.), match-producing plants (Zn, Cr, Sb, etc.), leather- and skin- treating plants (Cr), and

The efficacy of using Ag and Cu metal ions and colloidal Au combinations (within the limits of current drinking water regulations) for killing has been examined. Tests carried out in various laboratories during 1998–2003 have shown the dependence of bacteria killing time on metal ion concentration, initial bacteria concentration, and the influence of the concentration of various ions (Cl, SO, S, Fe, Fe) on the disinfection process.

Water savings, reclamation and reuse in industry are topics of increasing economic interest due to increasing water scarcity and costs. For this reason, research and development activities within this topic is increasing, methods and tools for analyzing water savings and reuse possibilities are being developed, and solutions are being implemented.

This paper presents experience and results of water savings and reuse in industry exemplified by the textile industry. Textile processing is one of the largest and oldest industries worldwide and responsible for substantial resource consumption and pollution. The wet processing part of the industry, i.e. pre-treatment, dyeing, printing and finishing, is especially polluting and resource consuming in terms of water, energy and chemicals. It entails a vast variety of water consuming processes, and like in most industries, freshwater is used in all processes with almost no exceptions.

It was known for many years that fresh water is not needed by all processes taking place in textile wet treatment. However conservatism and consideration for product quality in the industry have until recently prevented substantial water reuse from breaking through in practice. A four year research program on industrial water reuse, however, recently resulted in a break-through of water reuse in the Danish textile industry: one polyester dyehouse has since 2001 successfully implemented direct water recycling, saving more than 40% of water required. Process Integration and water pinch techniques were used to identify the potentials and, combined with the company’s process insight, used to achieve the best system design for the reuse of water, energy and chemicals. Separation techniques like membrane filtration have been applied successfully to the process water used in wet processing in both cotton and polyester dyeing. Pilot scale demonstration plants have documented the technical feasibility of water reclamation by this technique, with payback periods of 1–3 years. This payback has, however, so far prevented full-scale implementation.

This paper deals with the choice of detector for organic pollution in wastewater. The AOX detector is characterized and explained in detail. These mobile analytical measuring tube systems were used during the inspection of wastewater treatment plants in a particular region and the results are compared with methodology based on microcalorimetry.

The study is focused on the possibilities for the development and practical application of preventive measures for optimization of galvanic wastewater treatment processes in Lithuania. The results of modernization of the wastewater treatment plant in JSC “Vilniaus Vingis” and optimization of the galvanic technological processes and reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant in JSC “Vingriai” are presented.

The paper deals with the factors affecting the processes of nitrification and denitrification in wastewater treatment plants. The factors are e.g. sludge age, sludge load, retention period, temperature, pH, etc. The differences in efficiency of the nitrification and denitrification processes and energy demand are compared for a variety of types of wastewater treatment plant.

Some fundamentals and applications of electrochemical systems containing 3—dimensional electrode systems with dynamic matrix, fluidized beds, consisting of particles possessing different conductivity, namely: nonconductive (glass or plastics), conductive (metal granules), semi-conductive (various carbon materials) and ion conductive (ion exchangers) are discussed. The principles of control of electrochemical processes in particulate beds are formulated. The advantages of the fluidised beds are demonstrated by application to water management.

This paper deals with the choice of detector for organic pollution in wastewater. The AOX detector is characterized and explained in detail. These mobile analytical measuring tube systems were used during the inspection of wastewater treatment plants in a particular region and the results are compared with methodology based on microcalorimetry.

The United States drinking water public health protection goal is to provide water that meets all health-based standards to ninety-five percent of the population served by public drinking water supplies by 2005. In 2002, the level of compliance with some eighty-five health-based standards was ninety-four percent. This significant accomplishment has been achieved through strong regulation and technical support to drinking water supply systems. The engineering and risk management research program that supports drinking water regulation has developed the Drinking Water Contaminant Management Framework to organize research related to control of a contaminant or group of contaminants in drinking water. The recent lowering of the arsenic drinking water standard serves as a case study for application of the Framework. Emerging research areas include the use of DNA based analytical techniques to advance our understanding of microbial contaminants in drinking water and water security. Real-time monitoring techniques will require significant advancement before they can be relied upon to insure drinking water protection.

This paper deals with the choice of detector for organic pollution in wastewater. The AOX detector is characterized and explained in detail. These mobile analytical measuring tube systems were used during the inspection of wastewater treatment plants in a particular region and the results are compared with methodology based on microcalorimetry.