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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Main conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>The VNIR reflectance spectra of nickel hyperaccumulator plant leaves have spectral variations due to high nickel concentrations and this property could potentially be used for discovery of these plants. </jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Hyperaccumulator plants accumulate high concentrations of certain metals, including manganese, cobalt, or nickel. Of these metals, the divalent ions of nickel have three absorption bands in the visible to near-infrared region which may cause variations in the spectral reflectance of nickel hyperaccumulator plant leaves, but this has not been investigated previously. In this shortproof-of-concept study, the spectral reflectance of eight different nickel hyperaccumulator plant species leaves were subjected to visible and near-infrared and shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) reflectance spectrum measurements in dehydrated state, and for one species, it was also assessed in hydrated state. Nickel concentrations in the plant leaves were determined with other methods and then correlated to the spectral reflectance data. Spectral variations centred at 1000 ± 150 nm were observed and had R-values varying from 0.46 to 0.96 with nickel concentrations. The extremely high nickel concentrations in nickel hyperaccumulator leaves reshape their spectral reflectance features, and the electronic transition of nickel-ions directly contributes to absorption at ~ 1000 nm. Given that spectral variations are correlated with nickel concentrations it make VNIR-SWIR reflectance spectrometry a potential promising technique for discovery of hyperaccumulator plants, not only in the laboratory or herbarium, but also in the field using drone-based platforms. This is a preliminary study which we hope will instigate further detailed research on this topic to validate the findings and to explore possible applications.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Main conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>Expression levels of <jats:italic>AtPP2-A3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AtPP2-A8</jats:italic> are reduced in syncytia induced by <jats:italic>Heterodera schachtii</jats:italic> and decline of their expression levels decreases host susceptibility, whereas their overexpression promotes susceptibility to parasite<jats:italic>.</jats:italic></jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Plant-parasitic nematodes cause huge crop losses worldwide. <jats:italic>Heterodera schachtii</jats:italic> is a sedentary cyst-forming nematode that induces a feeding site called a syncytium via the delivery of secreted chemical substances (effectors) to host cells, which modulate host genes expression and phytohormone regulation patterns. Genes encoding the Nictaba-related lectin domain have been found among the plant genes with downregulated expression during the development of syncytia induced by <jats:italic>H. schachtii</jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> roots. To investigate the role of two selected Nictaba-related genes in the plant response to beet cyst nematode parasitism, mutants and plants overexpressing <jats:italic>AtPP2-A3</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>AtPP2-A8</jats:italic> were infected, and promoter activity and protein localization were analyzed. In wild-type plants, <jats:italic>AtPP2-A3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AtPP2-A8</jats:italic> were expressed only in roots, especially in the cortex and rhizodermis. After nematode infection, their expression was switched off in regions surrounding a developing syncytium. Astonishingly, plants overexpressing <jats:italic>AtPP2-A3</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>AtPP2-A8</jats:italic> were more susceptible to nematode infection than wild-type plants, whereas mutants were less susceptible. Based on these results and changes in <jats:italic>AtPP2-A3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AtPP2-A8</jats:italic> expression patterns after treatments with different stress phytohormones, we postulate that the <jats:italic>AtPP2-A3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AtPP2-A8</jats:italic> genes play important roles in the defense response to beet cyst nematode infection.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Main conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p><jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum</jats:italic> exhibits recovery response towards tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus. Transcriptome analysis revealed the differential expression of defense-related genes. Genes encoding for cysteine protease inhibitor, hormonal- and stress-related to DNA repair mechanism are found to be involved in the recovery process.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Elucidating the role of host factors in response to viral infection is crucial in understanding the plant host–virus interaction. <jats:italic>Begomovirus</jats:italic>, a genus in the family <jats:italic>Geminiviridae,</jats:italic> is reported throughout the globe and is known to cause serious crop diseases. Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV) infection in <jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum</jats:italic> resulted in initial symptom expression followed by a quick recovery in the systemic leaves. Transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes both in symptomatic as well as recovered leaves when compared to mock-inoculated plants. The virus infected <jats:italic>N. tabacum</jats:italic> results in alteration of various metabolic pathways, phytohormone signaling pathway, defense related protein, protease inhibitor, and DNA repair pathway. RT-qPCR results indicated that <jats:italic>Germin-like protein subfamily T member 2</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtGLPST</jats:italic>)<jats:italic>, Cysteine protease inhibitor 1-like (NtCPI), Thaumatin-like protein</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtTLP</jats:italic>)<jats:italic>, Kirola-like</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtKL</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic>Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF109-like</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtERTFL</jats:italic>) were down-regulated in symptomatic leaves when compared to recovered leaves of ToLCGV-infected plants. In contrast, the <jats:italic>Auxin-responsive protein SAUR71-like</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtARPSL</jats:italic>) was found to be differentially down-regulated in recovered leaves when compared to symptomatic leaves and the mock-inoculated plants. Lastly, <jats:italic>Histone 2X protein like</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtHH2L</jats:italic>) gene was found to be down-regulated, whereas <jats:italic>Uncharacterized</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NtUNCD</jats:italic>) was up-regulated in both symptomatic as well as recovered leaves compared to the mock-inoculated plants. Taken together, the present study suggests potential roles of the differentially expressed genes that might govern tobacco’s susceptibility and/or recovery response towards ToLCGV infection.</jats:p> </jats:sec>