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<jats:p>Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital defect manifesting with varying degrees of pituitary hormone deficiency. The signs and symptoms of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PSIS</jats:styled-content> during the neonatal period and infancy are often overlooked and therefore diagnosis is delayed. The typical manifestations of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PSIS</jats:styled-content> can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Several genes in the Wnt, Notch and Shh signalling pathways related to hypothalamic‐pituitary development, such as <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PIT</jats:styled-content>1</jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PROP</jats:styled-content>1</jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">LHX</jats:styled-content>3/<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">LHX</jats:styled-content>4</jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PROKR</jats:styled-content>2</jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">OTX</jats:styled-content>2</jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">TGIF</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">HESX</jats:styled-content>1</jats:italic>, have been found to be associated with <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PSIS</jats:styled-content>. Nevertheless, the aetiology in the majority of cases still remains unknown. In the present review, we provide an overview of clinical features of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PSIS</jats:styled-content> and summarise our current understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for this rare syndrome. Furthermore, we propose future research directions that may help our understanding of the aetiology of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PSIS</jats:styled-content>.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, postpartum depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder and suicidality are highly prevalent, associated with a significant economic burden, and remain poorly diagnosed and poorly treated psychiatric conditions. In part, this may result from the lack of biomarkers that can guide precision medicine with individualized treatments for millions of individuals who suffer these debilitating conditions worldwide. While several biomarker candidates have been proposed for mood disorders, none has been implemented in clinical practice and the treatment still relies in the prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors that shows mixed efficacy and significant side effects. Both neurosteroid biosynthesis and the endocannabinoid system have recently provided evidence for pharmacological targets to improve mood symptoms and the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone has recently been approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of post‐partum depression. Clinical studies also show efficacy for the management of major depression and more studies are being conducted to study efficacy in post‐traumatic stress disorder. Likewise, the endocannabinoid‐like modulator, <jats:italic>N</jats:italic>‐palmioyl ethanolamide (PEA) has shown efficacy in the treatment of major depression and bipolar disorder. While these new agents are coming forward in the field of neuropsychopharmacology as a new generation of fast‐acting antidepressants, the hypothesis of whether their deficits underlying mood disorders could constitute valid predictive biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of these conditions is under consideration.</jats:p>