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There is considerable capacity for plasticity in the mature auditory brain stem and plastic changes can be evoked by the change in activity resulting from profound deafness. There are deafness related changes in transmitters and receptors with resulting changes in inhibition and activity that can effect auditory processing. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of plasticity, with gene microarray results pointing to a number of regulatory pathways, could help in development of interventions to influence plasticity. Such interventions should be helpful to provide the best circumstances for return of hearing with cochlear prostheses following deafness as well as for management of clinical problems resulting from the plasticity of partial deafness and central tinnitus.

Overall results confirm the improvement in frequency discrimination performance around the cutoff frequency in subjects with steeply sloping hearing loss. This effect does not appear to depend on the pattern of the hearing loss, as it can be observed in subjects with low-frequency, as well as notched hearing losses. Our findings, pointing to the steepness of the hearing loss and the presence of dead cochlear regions as the most important factors of the local DLF enhancement effect, are consistent with an interpretation in terms of injury-induced central auditory reorganization. The reversal of this plasticity after amplification may open some interesting therapeutic horizons. In particular, the benefit of hearing amplification might be conditioned by the occurrence of a secondary plasticity. This issue needs to be investigated by further research.

Since negotiators are decision-makers, understanding a negotiation requires a deep understanding of the negotiators’ decisions. As Hayek suggests, the theoretical foundations in this chapter address decision-making and preferences from the viewpoint of different disciplines. The origin of preferences and their stability over time varies widely across fields: Economists, for example, usually assume preferences to be an underlying property of any individual and to be stable over time. If an agent’s choice changes over time, then either the production technology available or the information at hand have changed—preferences do not. This widely used perspective is most notably vindicated by Stigler and Becker (1977) in a seminal paper arguing against the assumption of changing preferences and it is outlined in several microeconomic textbooks, e.g. Kreps (1990), Varian (1992), Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green (1995).

Since negotiators are decision-makers, understanding a negotiation requires a deep understanding of the negotiators’ decisions. As Hayek suggests, the theoretical foundations in this chapter address decision-making and preferences from the viewpoint of different disciplines. The origin of preferences and their stability over time varies widely across fields: Economists, for example, usually assume preferences to be an underlying property of any individual and to be stable over time. If an agent’s choice changes over time, then either the production technology available or the information at hand have changed—preferences do not. This widely used perspective is most notably vindicated by Stigler and Becker (1977) in a seminal paper arguing against the assumption of changing preferences and it is outlined in several microeconomic textbooks, e.g. Kreps (1990), Varian (1992), Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green (1995).

The present study indicates that the neuro-specific co-transporter KCC2 is expressed abundantly throughout the IC. The postnatal expression pattern of KCC2 is upregulated in the IC as well as that in the neocortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Considering the importance of this co-transporter on controlling auditory function, further studies are needed in all aspects including the neuronal maturation and the switching mechanisms.

Since negotiators are decision-makers, understanding a negotiation requires a deep understanding of the negotiators’ decisions. As Hayek suggests, the theoretical foundations in this chapter address decision-making and preferences from the viewpoint of different disciplines. The origin of preferences and their stability over time varies widely across fields: Economists, for example, usually assume preferences to be an underlying property of any individual and to be stable over time. If an agent’s choice changes over time, then either the production technology available or the information at hand have changed—preferences do not. This widely used perspective is most notably vindicated by Stigler and Becker (1977) in a seminal paper arguing against the assumption of changing preferences and it is outlined in several microeconomic textbooks, e.g. Kreps (1990), Varian (1992), Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green (1995).

Presented results show that in adult congenitally deaf cats there is: a local desynchronization of inputs within adjacent synapses, an interlayer desynchronization of inputs to different layers in cortex, and possibly also a decreased inhibition in layer IV and III.

c-Fos immunocytochemistry is used for labelling activated neurons in studies of auditory cortical processing of communication sounds in mice. Activation of the primary auditory fields AI and AAF does not discriminate between sounds of high or low behavioural significance. Labelling related to call recognition occurs in the second auditory field AIL Activation in another auditory field of higher order, the dorsoposterior field DP, seems to be related to an integration of call recognition with the emotional/motivational background of the animals. A left-hemisphere advantage of activation in this field is associated with higher levels of maternal emotions. These data on auditory cortical activation fit excellently to perception data of communication calls in mice.

There is considerable capacity for plasticity in the mature auditory brain stem and plastic changes can be evoked by the change in activity resulting from profound deafness. There are deafness related changes in transmitters and receptors with resulting changes in inhibition and activity that can effect auditory processing. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of plasticity, with gene microarray results pointing to a number of regulatory pathways, could help in development of interventions to influence plasticity. Such interventions should be helpful to provide the best circumstances for return of hearing with cochlear prostheses following deafness as well as for management of clinical problems resulting from the plasticity of partial deafness and central tinnitus.

c-Fos immunocytochemistry is used for labelling activated neurons in studies of auditory cortical processing of communication sounds in mice. Activation of the primary auditory fields AI and AAF does not discriminate between sounds of high or low behavioural significance. Labelling related to call recognition occurs in the second auditory field AIL Activation in another auditory field of higher order, the dorsoposterior field DP, seems to be related to an integration of call recognition with the emotional/motivational background of the animals. A left-hemisphere advantage of activation in this field is associated with higher levels of maternal emotions. These data on auditory cortical activation fit excellently to perception data of communication calls in mice.