Catálogo de publicaciones - libros

Continuous measurements of carbon dioxide near Tomsk started in 1992 while CO monitoring began in 1998. Both analyzers operate at the TOR Station of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics. All readouts are recorded every hour all year round. In this paper we present some results of these measurements.

In this paper we present some results of airborne measurements of main greenhouse gases over the southern part of West Siberia, which were started in 1997 within the framework of a joint Japanese-Russian Project on the study of greenhouse gases in Siberian ecosystems.

Zonal patterns of above-ground phytomass dynamics and carbon storage in above-ground vegetation, phytodetritus and humus were revealed based on the study of the carbon balance and its components in forest ecosystems of the Yenisei meridian transect. Results indicate that the carbon storage ratio in different plant layers is determined by climatic regimes. For example pine stands were used to calculate the full carbon budget using data on its fluxes and storage in different biogeocenosis components. Biological productivity indices and the carbon pool of hydromorphic complexes are highly dependant on the mineral nutrition regime and morphological characteristics of the stands. Experimental study results show the importance of forest and bog ecosystems as carbon cycle regulators is determined by the complex interaction of zonal-climatic and forest conditions as well as by forest vegetation characteristics (which depend on varying carbon balance structure and energy- mass exchange processes).

Investigations into the inventory of CO in the hydrosphere are primarily aimed gas exchange between the atmosphere and oceans. However, lakes often are not considered as possible sources and sinks, even if they can be locally important for many geographical regions. Lake Baikal covers a tremendous area and has locally high biotic activity, and thus it can be expected to play an essential role in regional CO dynamics. Measurements of atmospheric CO, dissolved gases and various aqueous chemical parameters were performed at the Limnological Institute SB RAS site near Bolshie Koty in 2003-2004

Western Siberia hosts one of the main oil-bearing basins in Russia, producing more than 70 % of the country's oil. It is known that oil field flares release carbon oxides into the atmosphere which contribute to the greenhouse effect. This work details the development of a Geographical Information System (GIS) technique which uses satellite image processing to assess the spatial irregularities of anthropogenic carbon oxide emissions. This approach, which tries to make a quantitative assessment of the impact of atmospheric pollution on forest ecosystems, is based on calculating forest ecosystem areas (cells) which are inside atmospheric pollution zones. Particular issues related to the modeling of atmosphere pollution caused by oil field flares are considered. Pollution zones were revealed by standard modeling of contaminant dispersal in the atmosphere. Polluted ecosystem cells were calculated on the basis of oil production volume.

Specific yields were determined for tars, benzo(a)pyrene, diberzo(ah)anthracene and benzo(ghi)perylene from the main PAH sources in aluminium production using Soderberg cells with anode pastes based on medium- (MP) and high- (HP) softening-point pitches. It was evaluated that the most significant source of carcinogens from the Soderberg cell is the open hole during the process stage of repositioning the current-carrying studs. This phase of the work contributes about 60-70% of the total carcinogenic PAH emissions to the atmosphere. It is shown that a replacement of MP with HP results in a decrease of the specific tar yields from all sources, but it does not reduce the specific yield of the carcinogenic PAHs and therefore the carcinogenic danger of this technology.

Vast areas of the Russian north is underlain by permafrost, and many of these areas also host exploitable oil and gas reserves as well as various industries which are sources of atmospheric CO pollution. It has been suggested that permafrost in this region could be used to host or to isolate man-made CO in deep geological reservoirs, however an in-depth understanding of permafrost distribution, morphology, structure and stability is required in order to examine its feasibility and long-term safety. The present work outlines the spatial distribution of permafrost in Russia, defines the various formation histories, mechanisms and structures, and discusses the permafrost types which may be best suited to sequestration.

Permafrost is a huge natural "thermometer" sensitive to significant changes in climate. During the Late Pleistocene permafrost reached as far south as 48-49 °N, covering Siberia. During Holocene warming the extent of the permafrost has greatly decreased. This process may now be intensified due to global warming of the climate during the 20-21 centuries. Siberian meteorological stations show that the last 30-40 years are characterized by an air temperature increase of 0.02-0.05 °C per year. If this warming trend is maintained the overall temperature increase in northern Siberia may reach 1.2-2 °C by 2050. In this case the southern permafrost border will be moved to the north by 300- 400 km. Calculations were made to estimate possible changes in permafrost parameters under the influence of climatic variations. In some blocks it is possible that frozen rocks will thaw from the surface to a depth of 12-17 m by 2100.

This report considers the possibility of SO recovery using liquid sulphur dioxide generation and the disposal of excessive liquid SO in geological structures within permafrost areas. Analysis demonstrates this option allows the use of exhaust sulphur dioxide in the required volumes in order to achieve an ecologically safe level. Geological analysis shows a section of the northwestern limb of the Vologochanskaya syncline seems to be the most favorable area for disposal of excessive liquid SO. It is located between the South-Pyasinskaya and Bolgokhtokhskaya brachyanticlines, 30km west of Norilsk.

Cryotropic gel-forming systems have been developed at the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SB RAS in Tomsk, Russia. They are capable of generating gels at 0–20 °C, subsequently converting to cryogels during freezethaw cycles which exhibit high elasticity and adhesion to rock. Both laboratory and field experiments are reported here, including 2003–2004 pilot tests conducted to seal a leaking interval at the base of a dam at the Irelyakh hydrosystem, Stock Company “ALROSA„, Yakutia.