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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>There are hundreds of companies worldwide claiming to produce “graphene,” showing a large variation in its properties. A systematic and reliable protocol is developed to test graphene quality using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which is used to study graphene from 60 producers. The statistical nature of the liquid‐phase exfoliation of graphite is established. It is shown that the current classification of graphene flakes used in the market is erroneous. A new classification is proposed in terms of distribution functions for number of layers and flake size. It is shown unequivocally that the quality of the graphene produced in the world today is rather poor, not optimal for most applications, and most companies are producing graphite microplatelets. This is possibly the main reason for the slow development of graphene applications, which usually require a customized solution in terms of graphene properties. It is argued that the creation of stringent standards for graphene characterization and production, taking into account both the physical properties, as well as the requirements from the particular application, is the only way forward to create a healthy and reliable worldwide graphene market.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hydrogen production from electrolytic water is considered a viable method for hydrogen production with significant social value due to its clean and pollution‐free nature, high hydrogen production efficiency and purity, but the anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process is complex and kinetically slow. Single atom catalysts (SACs) with 100% atom utilization and homogeneous active sites often exhibit high catalytic activity and are expected to be extensively applied. The catalytic performance of OER can be further improved by precise regulation of the structure through electronic effects, coordination environment, hybrid atom doping and so on. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms of OER under different conditions, systematically summarize the latest research progress of SACs in the field of OER, then discuss the effects of various structural regulation strategies on catalytic performance, and propose principles and ideas for the design of SACs for OER. In the end, we summarize the outstanding issues and current challenges in this field.</jats:p><jats:p>This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved</jats:p>