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In the last decades rhe use of herbicide from the imidazolinones group and their mixture with glyphosate has increased. These pesticides usually reach water bodies, affecting the organisms that inhabit them, such as microalgaes. Any adverse effect on them can affect organisms in higher trophic levels and even the en tire aquatic ecosystem. The aim of this thesis is to evaluare the impact of imazethapyr, in its different presentations, on aquatic organisms, producers and prima1y consumers, such as the microalgae Scenedesmus vacuohtus (Chlorophyta) and the mussel Limnoperna fartunei (Bivalvia), respectively. Microalgae were exposed to various concentrations of an imazethapyr commercial formulation (Verosil"'), the formulation additives, imazethapyr in the acid form or as ammonium salt and an imazethapyr-glyphosate formulation (OneWay®). Morpho-physiological and oxidative stress parameters were assessed in exposed microalgae and bivalve fed with microalgae exposed to the formulations. Our results show that the toxicity of the Verosil'" formulation is mainly related to the formulation additives and the active ingredient has an enhancing effect. On the other hand, herbicide mixture has a moderare effect on the microalgae. I was proved that oxidative stress participares in the agochemicals toxicity. In mussels fed with microalgae previously exposed to the imazetapir formulation, there has a disturbance in animal physiology and oxidative stress up to 2 weeks of treatment, whereas at longer times (4 and 6 weeks) protection strategies would be activated. In the case of mussels fed with microalgae exposed to the OneWai' formularion, there was an increase in the mortality rate rom 2 weeks of treatment on. Adverse effects found evidence of the environmental hazard posed by these agrochemicals and the need for further studies of additives and mixtures of pesticides and effects on other trophic levels.

Toxicogenomics-Based Cellular Models is a unique and valuable reference for all academic and professional researchers employing toxicogenomic methods with respect to animal testing for chemical safety. This resource offers cutting-edge information on the application of toxicogenomics to developing alternatives to current animal toxicity tests. By illustrating the development of toxicogenomics-based cellular models for critical endpoints of toxicity and providing real-world examples for validation and data analysis, this book provides an assessment of the current state of the field, as well as opportunities and challenges for the future. Written by renowned international toxicological experts, this book explores ‘omics technology for developing new assays for toxicity testing and safety assessment and provides the reader with a focused examination of alternative means to animal testing.

• Describes the state-of-the-art in developing toxicogenomics-based cellular models for chemical-induced carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity and reproduction toxicity
• Illustrates how to validate toxicogenomics-based alternative test models and provides an outlook to societal and economic implementation of these novel assays
• Includes an overview of current testing methods and risk assessment frameworks
• Provides a real-world assessment by articulating the current development and challenges in toxicogenomics while suggesting ways to move this field forward

Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants provides a detailed overview of toxicological studies relating to traditionally used medicinal plants in Africa, with special emphasis on the methodologies and tools used for data collection and interpretation. The book considers the physical parameters of these plants and their effect upon various areas of the body and human health, including chapters dedicated to genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and specific organs and systems.

Following this discussion of the effects of medicinal plants is a critical review of the guidelines and methods in use for toxicological research as well as the state of toxicology studies in Africa. With up-to-date research provided by a team of experts, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants is an invaluable resource for researchers and students involved in pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, medicine, pharmacognosy, and pharmaceutical biology.

• Offers a critical review of the methods used in toxicological survey of medicinal plants
• Provides up-to-date toxicological data on African medicinal plants and families
• Serves as a resource tool for students and scientists in the various areas of toxicology