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Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques, often supported by reasoning tools, that can offer a rigorous and effective way to model, design and analyze computer systems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate international industrial experience in using formal methods. The cases selected are representative of industrial-grade projects and span a variety of application domains. The study had three main objectives:

· To better inform deliberations within industry and government on standards and regulations;
· To provide an authoritative record on the practical experience of formal methods to date; and

À To suggest areas where future research and technology development are needed.

This study was undertaken by three experts in formal methods and software engineering: Dan Craigen of ORA Canada, Susan Gerhart of Applied Formal Methods, and Ted Ralston of Ralston Research Associates. Robin Bloomfield of Adelard was involved with the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station Shutdown System case.

Support for this study was provided by organizations in Canada and the United States. The Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada (AECB) provided support for Dan Craigen and for the technical editing provided by Karen Summerskill. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratories (NRL), Washington, DC, provided support for all three authors. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provided support for Ted Ralston.

Industrial Biorefineries and White Biotechnology provides a comprehensive look at the increasing focus on developing the processes and technologies needed for the conversion of biomass to liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals, in particular, the development of low-cost technologies.

During the last 3-4 years, there have been scientific and technological developments in the area; this book represents the most updated information and technological perspective on the topic.

• Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment processes and technologies for biomass
• Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery
• Provides information on integration of processes for the pretreatment of biomass
• Designed as a textbook for both graduate students and researchers

Industrial Catalytic Processes for Fine and Specialty Chemicals provides a comprehensive methodology and state-of-the art toolbox for industrial catalysis. The book begins by introducing the reader to the interesting, challenging, and important field of catalysis and catalytic processes.

The fundamentals of catalysis and catalytic processes are fully covered before delving into the important industrial applications of catalysis and catalytic processes, with an emphasis on green and sustainable technologies. Several case studies illustrate new and sustainable ways of designing catalysts and catalytic processes.

The intended audience of the book includes researchers in academia and industry, as well as chemical engineers, process development chemists, and technologists working in chemical industries and industrial research laboratories.

• Discusses the fundamentals of catalytic processes, catalyst preparation and characterization, and reaction engineering
• Outlines the homogeneous catalytic processes as they apply to specialty chemicals
• Introduces industrial catalysis and catalytic processes for fine chemicals
• Includes a number of case studies to demonstrate the various processes and methods for designing green catalysts

Silicate Science, Volume VIII: Industrial Glass: Glazes and Enamels presents a focused discussion regarding glass fusion furnace construction as well as improvement for the efficiency of the various systems involved in glass engineering. The research papers presented in this volume are limited in the discussion of the physical and chemical reaction phenomena which occur in glass tank furnace and electric furnaces of other shapes.
The book comprises of six major chapters where some chapters further divide into two parts. Most of the topics covered in this book include important improvements in the reactions of some batches, homogenization and fining of raw melts, and the behavior of the glass melts in situations where refractories come into contact with the molten material.
This volume will serve as a rich source of information to students and researchers in the glass engineering, manufacturing, and technology.

This standard reference covers the sources, manufacture, specifications, chemistry, physical properties, and current and potential uses of gums. It provides an outline of gums and their uses as well as an understanding of why gums behave in different ways, giving the reader an ability to select the best gum for a particular purpose. Chapters have been constructed to provide balanced information and chapter authors have been selected because of outstanding competence in their specialized areas. Industrial Gums is a useful reference for students and industrial researchers and engineers in chemical, industrial, and applied engineering, biochemistry, food technology, materials chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and biopolymers.

Provides an advanced level of study of industrial hygiene engineering situations with emphasis on the control of exposure to occupational health hazards. Primary attention is given to ventilation, noise and vibration control, heat stress and industrial illumination. Other topics include industrial water quality, solid waste control, handling and storage of hazardous materials, personal protective equipment, and costs of industrial hygiene control.

This multi-authored handbook is a unique cross-industry resource for formulators and compounders, and an invaluable reference for the producers of formulated commodities and industrial minerals. Monographs on each of the common functional industrial mineralsùasbestos, barite, calcium carbonate, diatomite, feldspar, gypsum, hormite, kaolin, mica, nepheline syenite, perlite, pyrophyllite, silica, smectite, talc, vermiculite, wollastonite, and zeoliteùinclude an overview of natural and commercial varieties, market size, and application areas. These are supported by descriptions of mineral structures and the wedding of minerals and chemicals through mineral surface modification.

This orientation to the minerals and their uses forms the foundation for chapters where they are presented in the context of the overall technology of various consuming industries. Each of these industry-specific presentations covers both the chemical and mineral raw materials used by the formulator, how these are combined, and relevant test methods. These chapters serve a dual purpose. Each clarifies for technologists the function and value of the mineral constituents of their products. Equally important, they provide a primer on the technology of industries other than their own, so that raw material, formulation, processing and testing considerations can be compared and contrasted.

The book concludes with a formulary demonstrating how specific mineral and chemical ingredients are actually compounded in major application areas, and technical data on scores of commercial mineral products.

Industrial Network Security: Securing Critical Infrastructure Networks for Smart Grid, SCADA, and Other Industrial Control Systems describes an approach to ensure the security of industrial networks by taking into account the unique network, protocol, and application characteristics of an industrial control system, along with various compliance controls. It offers guidance on deployment and configuration, and it explains why, where, and how security controls should be implemented.
Divided into 11 chapters, the book explains the basics of Ethernet and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking communications and the SCADA and field bus protocols. It also discusses industrial networks as they relate to “critical infrastructure” and cyber security, potential risks and consequences of a cyber attack against an industrial control system, compliance controls in relation to network security practices, industrial network protocols, such as Modbus and DNP3, assessment of vulnerabilities and risk, how to secure enclaves, regulatory compliance standards applicable to industrial network security, and common pitfalls and mistakes, like complacency and deployment errors.
This book is a valuable resource for plant operators and information security analysts, as well as compliance officers who want to pass an audit with minimal penalties and/or fines.

• Covers implementation guidelines for security measures of critical infrastructure
• Applies the security measures for system-specific compliance
• Discusses common pitfalls and mistakes and how to avoid them

As the sophistication of cyber-attacks increases, understanding how to defend critical infrastructure systems—energy production, water, gas, and other vital systems—becomes more important, and heavily mandated. Industrial Network Security, Second Edition arms you with the knowledge you need to understand the vulnerabilities of these distributed supervisory and control systems.

The book examines the unique protocols and applications that are the foundation of industrial control systems, and provides clear guidelines for their protection. This how-to guide gives you thorough understanding of the unique challenges facing critical infrastructures, new guidelines and security measures for critical infrastructure protection, knowledge of new and evolving security tools, and pointers on SCADA protocols and security implementation.

• All-new real-world examples of attacks against control systems, and more diagrams of systems
• Expanded coverage of protocols such as 61850, Ethernet/IP, CIP, ISA-99, and the evolution to IEC62443
• Expanded coverage of Smart Grid security
• New coverage of signature-based detection, exploit-based vs. vulnerability-based detection, and signature reverse engineering

Industrial Oil Crops presents the latest information on important products derived from seed and other plant oils, their quality, the potential environmental benefit, and the latest trends in industrial uses. This book provides a comprehensive view of key oil crops that provide products used for fuel, surfactants, paints and coatings, lubricants, high-value polymers, safe plasticizers and numerous other products, all of which compete effectively with petroleum-derived products for quality and cost. Specific products derived from oil crops are a principle concern, and other fundamental aspects of developing oil crops for industrial uses are also covered. These include improvement through traditional breeding, and molecular, tissue culture and genetic engineering contributions to breeding, as well as practical aspects of what is needed to bring a new or altered crop to market. As such, this book provides a handbook for developing products from renewable resources that can replace those currently derived from petroleum. Led by an international team of expert editors, this book will be a valuable asset for those in product research and development as well as basic plant research related to oil crops.

• Up-to-date review of all the key oilseed crops used primarily for industrial purposes
• Highlights the potential for providing renewable resources to replace petroleum derived products
• Comprehensive chapters on biodiesel and polymer chemistry of seed oil
• Includes chapters on economics of new oilseed crops, emerging oilseed crops, genetic modification and plant tissue culture technology for oilseed improvement