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<jats:p>The question of the legal validity of the acts and decisions adopted by international organizations in excess of their authority has attracted the attention of international lawyers, as well as international courts and tribunals, in recent years. However, no general principles or criteria for determining such validity have as yet been formulated by the international community. In the meantime, the question has continued to give rise to controversy within and outside international organizations and to gain in importance, because of persistent procedural irregularities and the increasing tendency of some of the organizations to take measures that are not expressly provided for in their constitutive instruments but that they consider necessary or essential for the effective discharge of their mandates.</jats:p>

<jats:p>On October 27, 1981, a Soviet submarine 137 surfaced in Swedish internal waters, well inside the military protection area of the naval base of Karlskrona. The submarine had grounded on a shoal and was unable to move without assistance. The Swedish Government refused a request from the USSR to salvage the ship itself and demanded that, in return for assistance by Swedish vessels, the commander submit to interrogation by Swedish authorities. The Soviet Union acceded to this by a formal agreement. The submarine was eventually escorted out of Swedish territorial waters.</jats:p>