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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.

We have demonstrated by different analytical and numerical methods the importance of accounting for the magnetization inhomogeneities in magnetic nanoparticles, especially in the presence of surface anisotropy. The latter makes the magnetization inhomogeneous even at = 0 and in general modifies the relation between the intrinsic and induced magnetizations. It also changes the magnetization switching mechanism, since for strong surface anisotropy the particle’s spins switch cluster-wise. For weak surface anisotropy we have been able to calculate the spin canting in the particle analytically and to obtain a novel second-order contribution to the particle’s overall anisotropy. It remains to generalize this result for nonzero bulk anisotropy. Another important task is to study dynamical implications of the many-body effects in magnetic nanoparticles.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.

We have demonstrated by different analytical and numerical methods the importance of accounting for the magnetization inhomogeneities in magnetic nanoparticles, especially in the presence of surface anisotropy. The latter makes the magnetization inhomogeneous even at = 0 and in general modifies the relation between the intrinsic and induced magnetizations. It also changes the magnetization switching mechanism, since for strong surface anisotropy the particle’s spins switch cluster-wise. For weak surface anisotropy we have been able to calculate the spin canting in the particle analytically and to obtain a novel second-order contribution to the particle’s overall anisotropy. It remains to generalize this result for nonzero bulk anisotropy. Another important task is to study dynamical implications of the many-body effects in magnetic nanoparticles.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries throughout the world, and is by far the number one killer in the United States. Over 70 million Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease, and approximately one million of them die from it each year. Heart disease accounted for nearly 40% of all deaths in the United States at the turn of the 21 century.

These are frightening statistics. So it is not surprising that CHD has attracted intense interest in the public health community for decades. With “baby boomers” aging and more individuals being affected by CHD, this interest will continue to grow. It’s increasingly important that we understand CHD so we can reduce or eliminate those conditions responsible for this disease. Unfortunately, in spite of years of research and costly clinical and epidemiological studies targeting CHD, scientists and physicians have not been able to discover any definitive cause and effect relationships.

The causes of CHD and of its precursor, atherosclerosis – in which fatty deposits, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances build up on the lining of arteries – are still unknown. So judgments about why CHD occurs and how to control it are based on the presence or absence of risk factors. There are many risk factors which have been associated with atherosclerosis and CHD. At present, the list includes: cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, obesity, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, family history of premature coronary heart disease, ethnic characteristics, psychosocial factors, elevated serum triglycerides, small LDL particles, elevated serum homocysteine, elevated serum lipoprotein(a), elevated fibrinogen, elevated inflammatory markers… and the list of suspect factors goes on. Yet most of these risk factors individually have almost no value in predicting whether CHD or atherosclerosis will occur.