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The key word in this chapter is ‘change’. Here the author stresses that ‘change’ in the mindset and behaviour of the people, as well the leaders, is quintessential for Africa’s development. How can such change best be effected given Africa’s situation? The answer lies in the or the New Village Movement, which served as a powerful vehicle to engender mindset change and rural development in Korea. This chapter takes a detailed look at the and highlights Uganda’s programmes as a rare case study of the in Africa. And finally, a comprehensive scheme for Africa, consisting of various pragmatic measures, is proposed.

The two mottos epitomizing this chapter are ‘realizing the nature of the problems’ and ‘shifting focus to attitudes and ethics’. The underlying logic here is that because Sub-Saharan African countries have not really grasped the nature of their problems and hence have gotten their policy priorities wrong, it is imperative that this be corrected by resetting the priorities and policy measures. Given their circumstances, the author argues that there is a particularly pressing need for African countries to forcefully push for enhancement of both moral ethics and work ethics.

This concluding chapter touches on the following themes: ‘recapping the fundamentals (of development)’; ‘moving from economic dualism to a medium-building approach’; the question of ‘aid-versus-business’; and the ‘last word’, the conclusion within a conclusion. The key points made here is that since the nature of Africa’s continued plight is not about means or resources, but rather is a managerial issue, ‘development as a way of life’ must be pursued. Among the ideas newly put forth, perhaps what is most significance is the medium-building approach that is a revision of John Lewis’ dual-sector theory.